History and Synopsis of “the Great Gatsby” by Scott Fitzgerald

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 “The Great Gatsby”, the  third novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald is generally considered to be his masterpiece. It represents a cultural period in the United States that is now referred as the Jazz Age. Today “The Great Gatsby” has sold over 25 millions copies and has been translated into 42 different languages, but when it was published in 1925, the novel was a commercial disappointment, selling fewer than 20,000 copies, and Scott Fitzgerald died in 1940 believing himself to be a failure and his work forgotten.

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“The Great Gatsby” depicts the lives of characters entangled in the New York City social scene, in dangerous love affairs, and endless wealth and reflects various events in Fitzgerald’s youth. Fitzgerald, like the novel’s narrator, Nick, was born in Minnesota, and like Jay Gatsby, he moved to New York to pursue fame and fortune. Also his wife, Zelda, refused to marry him unless he could support her like Gatsby’s experience with Daisy in the novel.

Fitzgerald had difficulty choosing a title for his novel and finally decided on The Great Gatsby, which was inspired by Alain-Fournier’s “Le Grand Meaulnes.”

Fitzgerald was so enamored with the artwork for the first edition of “The Great Gatsby” that he later told editor Max Perkins that he had incorporated Cugat’s imagery into the novel. Cugat’s final cover, was hailed as a masterpiece, and it was the only book cover he ever designed.

“The Great Gatsby” received generally favorable reviews from literary critics of the day but several reviewers felt the novel left much to be desired following Fitzgerald’s previous works and criticized him accordingly. Fitzgerald believed that many critics misunderstood the novel and despaired that they had not understood that he had never intended for the story to be realistic but had crafted the work to be a romanticized depiction that was largely scenic and symbolic. 

To Fitzgerald’s great disappointment, “Gatsby” was a commercial failure in comparison with his previous efforts By October, the book had sold fewer than 20,000 copies.

 With the onset of the Great Depression, “The Great Gatsby” was regarded as little more than a nostalgic period piece. The novel experienced an abrupt surge in popularity when the Council on Books in Wartime distributed free copies to American soldiers serving overseas during World War II. This new-found popularity launched a critical and scholarly re-examination, and the work soon became a core part of most American high school curricula and a part of American popular culture. Numerous stage and film adaptations followed in the subsequent decades.

 Fitzgerald’s novel shows that a class permanence persists despite the country’s capitalist economy that prizes innovation and adaptability. Besides exploring the difficulties of achieving the American dream, “The Great Gatsby” explores societal gender expectations during the Jazz Age. As an upper-class white woman living in East Egg during this time period, Daisy must adhere to societal expectations and gender norms such as actively fulfilling the roles of dutiful wife, nurturing mother, and charming socialite. The novel also abord treatment of race and displacement; in particular, a perceived threat posed by newer immigrants to older Americans, triggering concerns over a loss of socio-economic status. Because of such themes, “The Great Gatsby” captures the perennial American experience as it is a story about change and those who resist it—whether such change comes in the form of a new wave of immigrants, the nouveau riche, or successful minorities.

“The Great Gatsby” has been accused of antisemitism because of its use of Jewish stereotypes, however, it was argued that the Jewish stereotypes displayed by Wolfsheim were typical of the time when the novel was written and that Fitzgerald’s use of Jewish caricatures was not driven by malice and merely reflected commonly held beliefs of his time.

“The Great Gatsby” has been adapted for the stage multiple times since its publication. The first known stage adaptation was by American dramatist Owen Davis,which became the 1926 film version. The novel has also been adapted for ballet performances, in 2009, it was played at the Capitol Theatre in Columbus, Ohio and in 2010 at the Kennedy Center. In 1926 the first movie version of the novel was made which Fitzgerald didn’t like. There were others movies made in 1974, and in 2013. In 2021, it was decided to produce an animated and film adaptation of the novel was directed by William Joyce and written by Brian Selznick. “Gatsby: has been recast multiple times as a short-form television movie. The first was in 1955 as an NBC episode. The novel  has also been adapted into three graphic novels and into series of radio episodes. The first radio episode was a 1950 half-hour-long adaptation for CBS’ Family Hour of Stars. Beginning in 2010, was also made in video games.

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Beginning of the book

Once again
to
Zelda

Then wear the gold hat, if that will move her;
If you can bounce high, bounce for her too,
Till she cry “Lover, gold-hatted, high-bouncing lover,
I must have you!”

Thomas Parke d’Invilliers

I

In my younger and more vulnerable years my father gave me some advice that I’ve been turning over in my mind ever since.

“Whenever you feel like criticizing anyone,” he told me, “just remember that all the people in this world haven’t had the advantages that you’ve had.”

He didn’t say any more, but we’ve always been unusually communicative in a reserved way, and I understood that he meant a great deal more than that. In consequence, I’m inclined to reserve all judgements, a habit that has opened up many curious natures to me and also made me the victim of not a few veteran bores. The abnormal mind is quick to detect and attach itself to this quality when it appears in a normal person, and so it came about that in college I was unjustly accused of being a politician, because I was privy to the secret griefs of wild, unknown men. Most of the confidences were unsought—frequently I have feigned sleep, preoccupation, or a hostile levity when I realized by some unmistakable sign that an intimate revelation was quivering on the horizon; for the intimate revelations of young men, or at least the terms in which they express them, are usually plagiaristic and marred by obvious suppressions. Reserving judgements is a matter of infinite hope. I am still a little afraid of missing something if I forget that, as my father snobbishly suggested, and I snobbishly repeat, a sense of the fundamental decencies is parcelled out unequally at birth.

And, after boasting this way of my tolerance, I come to the admission that it has a limit. Conduct may be founded on the hard rock or the wet marshes, but after a certain point I don’t care what it’s founded on. When I came back from the East last autumn I felt that I wanted the world to be in uniform and at a sort of moral attention forever; I wanted no more riotous excursions with privileged glimpses into the human heart. Only Gatsby, the man who gives his name to this book, was exempt from my reaction—Gatsby, who represented everything for which I have an unaffected scorn. If personality is an unbroken series of successful gestures, then there was something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life, as if he were related to one of those intricate machines that register earthquakes ten thousand miles away. This responsiveness had nothing to do with that flabby impressionability which is dignified under the name of the “creative temperament”—it was an extraordinary gift for hope, a romantic readiness such as I have never found in any other person and which it is not likely I shall ever find again. No—Gatsby turned out all right at the end; it is what preyed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-winded elations of men.


My family have been prominent, well-to-do people in this Middle Western city for three generations. The Carraways are something of a clan, and we have a tradition that we’re descended from the Dukes of Buccleuch, but the actual founder of my line was my grandfather’s brother, who came here in fifty-one, sent a substitute to the Civil War, and started the wholesale hardware business that my father carries on today.

I never saw this great-uncle, but I’m supposed to look like him—with special reference to the rather hard-boiled painting that hangs in father’s office. I graduated from New Haven in 1915, just a quarter of a century after my father, and a little later I participated in that delayed Teutonic migration known as the Great War. I enjoyed the counter-raid so thoroughly that I came back restless. Instead of being the warm centre of the world, the Middle West now seemed like the ragged edge of the universe—so I decided to go East and learn the bond business. Everybody I knew was in the bond business, so I supposed it could support one more single man. All my aunts and uncles talked it over as if they were choosing a prep school for me, and finally said, “Why—ye-es,” with very grave, hesitant faces. Father agreed to finance me for a year, and after various delays I came East, permanently, I thought, in the spring of twenty-two.

The practical thing was to find rooms in the city, but it was a warm season, and I had just left a country of wide lawns and friendly trees, so when a young man at the office suggested that we take a house together in a commuting town, it sounded like a great idea. He found the house, a weather-beaten cardboard bungalow at eighty a month, but at the last minute the firm ordered him to Washington, and I went out to the country alone. I had a dog—at least I had him for a few days until he ran away—and an old Dodge and a Finnish woman, who made my bed and cooked breakfast and muttered Finnish wisdom to herself over the electric stove.

It was lonely for a day or so until one morning some man, more recently arrived than I, stopped me on the road.

“How do you get to West Egg village?” he asked helplessly.

I told him. And as I walked on I was lonely no longer. I was a guide, a pathfinder, an original settler. He had casually conferred on me the freedom of the neighbourhood.

And so with the sunshine and the great bursts of leaves growing on the trees, just as things grow in fast movies, I had that familiar conviction that life was beginning over again with the summer.

There was so much to read, for one thing, and so much fine health to be pulled down out of the young breath-giving air. I bought a dozen volumes on banking and credit and investment securities, and they stood on my shelf in red and gold like new money from the mint, promising to unfold the shining secrets that only Midas and Morgan and Maecenas knew. And I had the high intention of reading many other books besides. I was rather literary in college—one year I wrote a series of very solemn and obvious editorials for the Yale News—and now I was going to bring back all such things into my life and become again that most limited of all specialists, the “well-rounded man.” This isn’t just an epigram—life is much more successfully looked at from a single window, after all.

It was a matter of chance that I should have rented a house in one of the strangest communities in North America. It was on that slender riotous island which extends itself due east of New York—and where there are, among other natural curiosities, two unusual formations of land. Twenty miles from the city a pair of enormous eggs, identical in contour and separated only by a courtesy bay, jut out into the most domesticated body of salt water in the Western hemisphere, the great wet barnyard of Long Island Sound. They are not perfect ovals—like the egg in the Columbus story, they are both crushed flat at the contact end—but their physical resemblance must be a source of perpetual wonder to the gulls that fly overhead. To the wingless a more interesting phenomenon is their dissimilarity in every particular except shape and size.

I lived at West Egg, the—well, the less fashionable of the two, though this is a most superficial tag to express the bizarre and not a little sinister contrast between them. My house was at the very tip of the egg, only fifty yards from the Sound, and squeezed between two huge places that rented for twelve or fifteen thousand a season. The one on my right was a colossal affair by any standard—it was a factual imitation of some Hôtel de Ville in Normandy, with a tower on one side, spanking new under a thin beard of raw ivy, and a marble swimming pool, and more than forty acres of lawn and garden. It was Gatsby’s mansion. Or, rather, as I didn’t know Mr. Gatsby, it was a mansion inhabited by a gentleman of that name. My own house was an eyesore, but it was a small eyesore, and it had been overlooked, so I had a view of the water, a partial view of my neighbour’s lawn, and the consoling proximity of millionaires—all for eighty dollars a month.

Across the courtesy bay the white palaces of fashionable East Egg glittered along the water, and the history of the summer really begins on the evening I drove over there to have dinner with the Tom Buchanans. Daisy was my second cousin once removed, and I’d known Tom in college. And just after the war I spent two days with them in Chicago.

Her husband, among various physical accomplishments, had been one of the most powerful ends that ever played football at New Haven—a national figure in a way, one of those men who reach such an acute limited excellence at twenty-one that everything afterward savours of anticlimax. His family were enormously wealthy—even in college his freedom with money was a matter for reproach—but now he’d left Chicago and come East in a fashion that rather took your breath away: for instance, he’d brought down a string of polo ponies from Lake Forest. It was hard to realize that a man in my own generation was wealthy enough to do that.

Why they came East I don’t know. They had spent a year in France for no particular reason, and then drifted here and there unrestfully wherever people played polo and were rich together. This was a permanent move, said Daisy over the telephone, but I didn’t believe it—I had no sight into Daisy’s heart, but I felt that Tom would drift on forever seeking, a little wistfully, for the dramatic turbulence of some irrecoverable football game.

And so it happened that on a warm windy evening I drove over to East Egg to see two old friends whom I scarcely knew at all. Their house was even more elaborate than I expected, a cheerful red-and-white Georgian Colonial mansion, overlooking the bay. The lawn started at the beach and ran towards the front door for a quarter of a mile, jumping over sundials and brick walks and burning gardens—finally when it reached the house drifting up the side in bright vines as though from the momentum of its run. The front was broken by a line of French windows, glowing now with reflected gold and wide open to the warm windy afternoon, and Tom Buchanan in riding clothes was standing with his legs apart on the front porch.

He had changed since his New Haven years. Now he was a sturdy straw-haired man of thirty, with a rather hard mouth and a supercilious manner. Two shining arrogant eyes had established dominance over his face and gave him the appearance of always leaning aggressively forward. Not even the effeminate swank of his riding clothes could hide the enormous power of that body—he seemed to fill those glistening boots until he strained the top lacing, and you could see a great pack of muscle shifting when his shoulder moved under his thin coat. It was a body capable of enormous leverage—a cruel body.

His speaking voice, a gruff husky tenor, added to the impression of fractiousness he conveyed. There was a touch of paternal contempt in it, even toward people he liked—and there were men at New Haven who had hated his guts.

“Now, don’t think my opinion on these matters is final,” he seemed to say, “just because I’m stronger and more of a man than you are.” We were in the same senior society, and while we were never intimate I always had the impression that he approved of me and wanted me to like him with some harsh, defiant wistfulness of his own.

We talked for a few minutes on the sunny porch.

“I’ve got a nice place here,” he said, his eyes flashing about restlessly.

Turning me around by one arm, he moved a broad flat hand along the front vista, including in its sweep a sunken Italian garden, a half acre of deep, pungent roses, and a snub-nosed motorboat that bumped the tide offshore.

“It belonged to Demaine, the oil man.” He turned me around again, politely and abruptly. “We’ll go inside.”

We walked through a high hallway into a bright rosy-coloured space, fragilely bound into the house by French windows at either end. The windows were ajar and gleaming white against the fresh grass outside that seemed to grow a little way into the house. A breeze blew through the room, blew curtains in at one end and out the other like pale flags, twisting them up toward the frosted wedding-cake of the ceiling, and then rippled over the wine-coloured rug, making a shadow on it as wind does on the sea.

The only completely stationary object in the room was an enormous couch on which two young women were buoyed up as though upon an anchored balloon. They were both in white, and their dresses were rippling and fluttering as if they had just been blown back in after a short flight around the house. I must have stood for a few moments listening to the whip and snap of the curtains and the groan of a picture on the wall. Then there was a boom as Tom Buchanan shut the rear windows and the caught wind died out about the room, and the curtains and the rugs and the two young women ballooned slowly to the floor.

The younger of the two was a stranger to me. She was extended full length at her end of the divan, completely motionless, and with her chin raised a little, as if she were balancing something on it which was quite likely to fall. If she saw me out of the corner of her eyes she gave no hint of it—indeed, I was almost surprised into murmuring an apology for having disturbed her by coming in.

The other girl, Daisy, made an attempt to rise—she leaned slightly forward with a conscientious expression—then she laughed, an absurd, charming little laugh, and I laughed too and came forward into the room.

“I’m p-paralysed with happiness.”

She laughed again, as if she said something very witty, and held my hand for a moment, looking up into my face, promising that there was no one in the world she so much wanted to see. That was a way she had. She hinted in a murmur that the surname of the balancing girl was Baker. (I’ve heard it said that Daisy’s murmur was only to make people lean toward her; an irrelevant criticism that made it no less charming.)

At any rate, Miss Baker’s lips fluttered, she nodded at me almost imperceptibly, and then quickly tipped her head back again—the object she was balancing had obviously tottered a little and given her something of a fright. Again a sort of apology arose to my lips. Almost any exhibition of complete self-sufficiency draws a stunned tribute from me.

I looked back at my cousin, who began to ask me questions in her low, thrilling voice. It was the kind of voice that the ear follows up and down, as if each speech is an arrangement of notes that will never be played again. Her face was sad and lovely with bright things in it, bright eyes and a bright passionate mouth, but there was an excitement in her voice that men who had cared for her found difficult to forget: a singing compulsion, a whispered “Listen,” a promise that she had done gay, exciting things just a while since and that there were gay, exciting things hovering in the next hour.

I told her how I had stopped off in Chicago for a day on my way East, and how a dozen people had sent their love through me.

“Do they miss me?” she cried ecstatically.

“The whole town is desolate. All the cars have the left rear wheel painted black as a mourning wreath, and there’s a persistent wail all night along the north shore.”

“How gorgeous! Let’s go back, Tom. Tomorrow!” Then she added irrelevantly: “You ought to see the baby.”

“I’d like to.”

“She’s asleep. She’s three years old. Haven’t you ever seen her?”

“Never.”

“Well, you ought to see her. She’s—”

Tom Buchanan, who had been hovering restlessly about the room, stopped and rested his hand on my shoulder.

“What you doing, Nick?”

“I’m a bond man.”

“Who with?”

I told him.

“Never heard of them,” he remarked decisively.

This annoyed me.

“You will,” I answered shortly. “You will if you stay in the East.”

“Oh, I’ll stay in the East, don’t you worry,” he said, glancing at Daisy and then back at me, as if he were alert for something more. “I’d be a God damned fool to live anywhere else.”

At this point Miss Baker said: “Absolutely!” with such suddenness that I started—it was the first word she had uttered since I came into the room. Evidently it surprised her as much as it did me, for she yawned and with a series of rapid, deft movements stood up into the room.

“I’m stiff,” she complained, “I’ve been lying on that sofa for as long as I can remember.”

“Don’t look at me,” Daisy retorted, “I’ve been trying to get you to New York all afternoon.”

“No, thanks,” said Miss Baker to the four cocktails just in from the pantry. “I’m absolutely in training.”

Her host looked at her incredulously.

“You are!” He took down his drink as if it were a drop in the bottom of a glass. “How you ever get anything done is beyond me.”

I looked at Miss Baker, wondering what it was she “got done.” I enjoyed looking at her. She was a slender, small-breasted girl, with an erect carriage, which she accentuated by throwing her body backward at the shoulders like a young cadet. Her grey sun-strained eyes looked back at me with polite reciprocal curiosity out of a wan, charming, discontented face. It occurred to me now that I had seen her, or a picture of her, somewhere before.

“You live in West Egg,” she remarked contemptuously. “I know somebody there.”

“I don’t know a single—”

“You must know Gatsby.”

“Gatsby?” demanded Daisy. “What Gatsby?”

Before I could reply that he was my neighbour dinner was announced; wedging his tense arm imperatively under mine, Tom Buchanan compelled me from the room as though he were moving a checker to another square.

Slenderly, languidly, their hands set lightly on their hips, the two young women preceded us out on to a rosy-coloured porch, open toward the sunset, where four candles flickered on the table in the diminished wind.

“Why candles?” objected Daisy, frowning. She snapped them out with her fingers. “In two weeks it’ll be the longest day in the year.” She looked at us all radiantly. “Do you always watch for the longest day of the year and then miss it? I always watch for the longest day in the year and then miss it.”

“We ought to plan something,” yawned Miss Baker, sitting down at the table as if she were getting into bed.

“All right,” said Daisy. “What’ll we plan?” She turned to me helplessly: “What do people plan?”

Before I could answer her eyes fastened with an awed expression on her little finger.

“Look!” she complained; “I hurt it.”

We all looked—the knuckle was black and blue.

“You did it, Tom,” she said accusingly. “I know you didn’t mean to, but you did do it. That’s what I get for marrying a brute of a man, a great, big, hulking physical specimen of a—”

“I hate that word ‘hulking,’ ” objected Tom crossly, “even in kidding.”

“Hulking,” insisted Daisy.

Sometimes she and Miss Baker talked at once, unobtrusively and with a bantering inconsequence that was never quite chatter, that was as cool as their white dresses and their impersonal eyes in the absence of all desire. They were here, and they accepted Tom and me, making only a polite pleasant effort to entertain or to be entertained. They knew that presently dinner would be over and a little later the evening too would be over and casually put away. It was sharply different from the West, where an evening was hurried from phase to phase towards its close, in a continually disappointed anticipation or else in sheer nervous dread of the moment itself.

“You make me feel uncivilized, Daisy,” I confessed on my second glass of corky but rather impressive claret. “Can’t you talk about crops or something?”

I meant nothing in particular by this remark, but it was taken up in an unexpected way.

“Civilization’s going to pieces,” broke out Tom violently. “I’ve gotten to be a terrible pessimist about things. Have you read The Rise of the Coloured Empires by this man Goddard?”

“Why, no,” I answered, rather surprised by his tone.

“Well, it’s a fine book, and everybody ought to read it. The idea is if we don’t look out the white race will be—will be utterly submerged. It’s all scientific stuff; it’s been proved.”

“Tom’s getting very profound,” said Daisy, with an expression of unthoughtful sadness. “He reads deep books with long words in them. What was that word we—”

“Well, these books are all scientific,” insisted Tom, glancing at her impatiently. “This fellow has worked out the whole thing. It’s up to us, who are the dominant race, to watch out or these other races will have control of things.”

“We’ve got to beat them down,” whispered Daisy, winking ferociously toward the fervent sun.

“You ought to live in California—” began Miss Baker, but Tom interrupted her by shifting heavily in his chair.

“This idea is that we’re Nordics. I am, and you are, and you are, and—” After an infinitesimal hesitation he included Daisy with a slight nod, and she winked at me again. “—And we’ve produced all the things that go to make civilization—oh, science and art, and all that. Do you see?”

There was something pathetic in his concentration, as if his complacency, more acute than of old, was not enough to him any more. When, almost immediately, the telephone rang inside and the butler left the porch Daisy seized upon the momentary interruption and leaned towards me.

“I’ll tell you a family secret,” she whispered enthusiastically. “It’s about the butler’s nose. Do you want to hear about the butler’s nose?”

“That’s why I came over tonight.”

“Well, he wasn’t always a butler; he used to be the silver polisher for some people in New York that had a silver service for two hundred people. He had to polish it from morning till night, until finally it began to affect his nose—”

“Things went from bad to worse,” suggested Miss Baker.

“Yes. Things went from bad to worse, until finally he had to give up his position.”

For a moment the last sunshine fell with romantic affection upon her glowing face; her voice compelled me forward breathlessly as I listened—then the glow faded, each light deserting her with lingering regret, like children leaving a pleasant street at dusk.

The butler came back and murmured something close to Tom’s ear, whereupon Tom frowned, pushed back his chair, and without a word went inside. As if his absence quickened something within her, Daisy leaned forward again, her voice glowing and singing.

“I love to see you at my table, Nick. You remind me of a—of a rose, an absolute rose. Doesn’t he?” She turned to Miss Baker for confirmation: “An absolute rose?”

This was untrue. I am not even faintly like a rose. She was only extemporizing, but a stirring warmth flowed from her, as if her heart was trying to come out to you concealed in one of those breathless, thrilling words. Then suddenly she threw her napkin on the table and excused herself and went into the house.

Miss Baker and I exchanged a short glance consciously devoid of meaning. I was about to speak when she sat up alertly and said “Sh!” in a warning voice. A subdued impassioned murmur was audible in the room beyond, and Miss Baker leaned forward unashamed, trying to hear. The murmur trembled on the verge of coherence, sank down, mounted excitedly, and then ceased altogether.

“This Mr. Gatsby you spoke of is my neighbour—” I began.

“Don’t talk. I want to hear what happens.”

“Is something happening?” I inquired innocently.

“You mean to say you don’t know?” said Miss Baker, honestly surprised. “I thought everybody knew.”

“I don’t.”

“Why—” she said hesitantly. “Tom’s got some woman in New York.”

“Got some woman?” I repeated blankly.

Miss Baker nodded.

“She might have the decency not to telephone him at dinner time. Don’t you think?”

Almost before I had grasped her meaning there was the flutter of a dress and the crunch of leather boots, and Tom and Daisy were back at the table.

“It couldn’t be helped!” cried Daisy with tense gaiety.

She sat down, glanced searchingly at Miss Baker and then at me, and continued: “I looked outdoors for a minute, and it’s very romantic outdoors. There’s a bird on the lawn that I think must be a nightingale come over on the Cunard or White Star Line. He’s singing away—” Her voice sang: “It’s romantic, isn’t it, Tom?”

“Very romantic,” he said, and then miserably to me: “If it’s light enough after dinner, I want to take you down to the stables.”

The telephone rang inside, startlingly, and as Daisy shook her head decisively at Tom the subject of the stables, in fact all subjects, vanished into air. Among the broken fragments of the last five minutes at table I remember the candles being lit again, pointlessly, and I was conscious of wanting to look squarely at everyone, and yet to avoid all eyes. I couldn’t guess what Daisy and Tom were thinking, but I doubt if even Miss Baker, who seemed to have mastered a certain hardy scepticism, was able utterly to put this fifth guest’s shrill metallic urgency out of mind. To a certain temperament the situation might have seemed intriguing—my own instinct was to telephone immediately for the police.

The horses, needless to say, were not mentioned again. Tom and Miss Baker, with several feet of twilight between them, strolled back into the library, as if to a vigil beside a perfectly tangible body, while, trying to look pleasantly interested and a little deaf, I followed Daisy around a chain of connecting verandas to the porch in front. In its deep gloom we sat down side by side on a wicker settee.

Daisy took her face in her hands as if feeling its lovely shape, and her eyes moved gradually out into the velvet dusk. I saw that turbulent emotions possessed her, so I asked what I thought would be some sedative questions about her little girl.

“We don’t know each other very well, Nick,” she said suddenly. “Even if we are cousins. You didn’t come to my wedding.”

“I wasn’t back from the war.”

“That’s true.” She hesitated. “Well, I’ve had a very bad time, Nick, and I’m pretty cynical about everything.”

Evidently she had reason to be. I waited but she didn’t say any more, and after a moment I returned rather feebly to the subject of her daughter.

“I suppose she talks, and—eats, and everything.”

“Oh, yes.” She looked at me absently. “Listen, Nick; let me tell you what I said when she was born. Would you like to hear?”

“Very much.”

“It’ll show you how I’ve gotten to feel about—things. Well, she was less than an hour old and Tom was God knows where. I woke up out of the ether with an utterly abandoned feeling, and asked the nurse right away if it was a boy or a girl. She told me it was a girl, and so I turned my head away and wept. ‘All right,’ I said, ‘I’m glad it’s a girl. And I hope she’ll be a fool—that’s the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool.’

“You see I think everything’s terrible anyhow,” she went on in a convinced way. “Everybody thinks so—the most advanced people. And I know. I’ve been everywhere and seen everything and done everything.” Her eyes flashed around her in a defiant way, rather like Tom’s, and she laughed with thrilling scorn. “Sophisticated—God, I’m sophisticated!”

The instant her voice broke off, ceasing to compel my attention, my belief, I felt the basic insincerity of what she had said. It made me uneasy, as though the whole evening had been a trick of some sort to exact a contributory emotion from me. I waited, and sure enough, in a moment she looked at me with an absolute smirk on her lovely face, as if she had asserted her membership in a rather distinguished secret society to which she and Tom belonged.


Inside, the crimson room bloomed with light. Tom and Miss Baker sat at either end of the long couch and she read aloud to him from the Saturday Evening Post—the words, murmurous and uninflected, running together in a soothing tune. The lamplight, bright on his boots and dull on the autumn-leaf yellow of her hair, glinted along the paper as she turned a page with a flutter of slender muscles in her arms.

When we came in she held us silent for a moment with a lifted hand.

“To be continued,” she said, tossing the magazine on the table, “in our very next issue.”

Her body asserted itself with a restless movement of her knee, and she stood up.

“Ten o’clock,” she remarked, apparently finding the time on the ceiling. “Time for this good girl to go to bed.”

“Jordan’s going to play in the tournament tomorrow,” explained Daisy, “over at Westchester.”

“Oh—you’re Jordan Baker.”

I knew now why her face was familiar—its pleasing contemptuous expression had looked out at me from many rotogravure pictures of the sporting life at Asheville and Hot Springs and Palm Beach. I had heard some story of her too, a critical, unpleasant story, but what it was I had forgotten long ago.

“Good night,” she said softly. “Wake me at eight, won’t you.”

“If you’ll get up.”

“I will. Good night, Mr. Carraway. See you anon.”

“Of course you will,” confirmed Daisy. “In fact I think I’ll arrange a marriage. Come over often, Nick, and I’ll sort of—oh—fling you together. You know—lock you up accidentally in linen closets and push you out to sea in a boat, and all that sort of thing—”

“Good night,” called Miss Baker from the stairs. “I haven’t heard a word.”

“She’s a nice girl,” said Tom after a moment. “They oughtn’t to let her run around the country this way.”

“Who oughtn’t to?” inquired Daisy coldly.

“Her family.”

“Her family is one aunt about a thousand years old. Besides, Nick’s going to look after her, aren’t you, Nick? She’s going to spend lots of weekends out here this summer. I think the home influence will be very good for her.”

Daisy and Tom looked at each other for a moment in silence.

“Is she from New York?” I asked quickly.

“From Louisville. Our white girlhood was passed together there. Our beautiful white—”

“Did you give Nick a little heart to heart talk on the veranda?” demanded Tom suddenly.

“Did I?” She looked at me. “I can’t seem to remember, but I think we talked about the Nordic race. Yes, I’m sure we did. It sort of crept up on us and first thing you know—”

“Don’t believe everything you hear, Nick,” he advised me.

I said lightly that I had heard nothing at all, and a few minutes later I got up to go home. They came to the door with me and stood side by side in a cheerful square of light. As I started my motor Daisy peremptorily called: “Wait!”

“I forgot to ask you something, and it’s important. We heard you were engaged to a girl out West.”

“That’s right,” corroborated Tom kindly. “We heard that you were engaged.”

“It’s a libel. I’m too poor.”

“But we heard it,” insisted Daisy, surprising me by opening up again in a flower-like way. “We heard it from three people, so it must be true.”

Of course I knew what they were referring to, but I wasn’t even vaguely engaged. The fact that gossip had published the banns was one of the reasons I had come East. You can’t stop going with an old friend on account of rumours, and on the other hand I had no intention of being rumoured into marriage.

Their interest rather touched me and made them less remotely rich—nevertheless, I was confused and a little disgusted as I drove away. It seemed to me that the thing for Daisy to do was to rush out of the house, child in arms—but apparently there were no such intentions in her head. As for Tom, the fact that he “had some woman in New York” was really less surprising than that he had been depressed by a book. Something was making him nibble at the edge of stale ideas as if his sturdy physical egotism no longer nourished his peremptory heart.

Already it was deep summer on roadhouse roofs and in front of wayside garages, where new red petrol-pumps sat out in pools of light, and when I reached my estate at West Egg I ran the car under its shed and sat for a while on an abandoned grass roller in the yard. The wind had blown off, leaving a loud, bright night, with wings beating in the trees and a persistent organ sound as the full bellows of the earth blew the frogs full of life. The silhouette of a moving cat wavered across the moonlight, and, turning my head to watch it, I saw that I was not alone—fifty feet away a figure had emerged from the shadow of my neighbour’s mansion and was standing with his hands in his pockets regarding the silver pepper of the stars. Something in his leisurely movements and the secure position of his feet upon the lawn suggested that it was Mr. Gatsby himself, come out to determine what share was his of our local heavens.

I decided to call to him. Miss Baker had mentioned him at dinner, and that would do for an introduction. But I didn’t call to him, for he gave a sudden intimation that he was content to be alone—he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and, far as I was from him, I could have sworn he was trembling. Involuntarily I glanced seaward—and distinguished nothing except a single green light, minute and far away, that might have been the end of a dock. When I looked once more for Gatsby he had vanished, and I was alone again in the unquiet darkness.

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Progrès du Site semaine du 3 Novembre 2022

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Il s’est passé beaucoup de choses cette semaine. J’ai d’abord mis “The Scarlet Letter (La lettre écarlate) (illustré)” (en anglais) sur notre page de littérature américaine. Vous pouvez lire le livre directement ici ou télécharger le PDF La lettre écarlate  La lettre écarlate PDF

J’ai créé une page pour les enfants afin de faciliter la recherche des fables et des histoires pour enfants. Il peut être trouvé ici : Children’s books – Livres pour enfants – Детские книги

J’ai ajouté le livre Рассказы о детях de Tolstoï en russe et aussi des contes folkloriques russes à nouveau en russe

J’ai commencé les FABLES DE LA FONTAINE Livre bilingue anglais français . Maintenant, seuls les livres et les titres sont terminés. J’ajouterai quelques fables chaque semaine.

J’ai également mis à jour la page Arts russes , créé la page Arts français et la page Articles sur les livres

Les articles de cette semaine portaient sur l’ histoire et synopsis de « Candide » de Voltaire samedi, et sur le tableau “Les freux sont arrivées” d’Alexey Savrasov mardi.

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Site Progress Week of November 3, 2022

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A lot of things happened this week. First I put “The Scarlet Letter (illustrated)” (in English) on our American literature page. You can read the book directly here or download the PDF The Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter PDF

I made a page for children to make it easier to find the fables and children stories. It can be found here: Children’s books – Livres pour enfants – Детские книги

I added the book Рассказы о детях by Tolstoy in Russian and also Russian folk tales again in Russian

I began the FABLES DE LA FONTAINE Dual book english french. Now only the books and titles is done. I will add a few fables every week.

I also updated the page Russian Arts and created the page French Arts and the page Articles about books

The articles this week were about the History and synopsis of “Candide” by Voltaire Saturday, and the painting “The Rooks Have Arrived” by Alexey Savrasov on Tuesday.

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Découvrez le célèbre tableau “Les freux sont arrivées” d’Alexey Savrasov

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“Les freux sont arrivées” est considéré comme l’œuvre la plus célèbre de Savrassov. Dans ce tableau, l’artiste russe a montré un exemple d’une nouvelle vision du monde, très réaliste et supérieure aux classiques. “Les freux sont arrivées” a ouvert la voie au style lyrique dans la peinture russe et a marqué une nouvelle étape dans le développement de la peinture de paysage russe. Les connaisseurs de la peinture ont tellement aimé le tableau que l’artiste a dû répéter le tableau plusieurs fois.

“Les freux sont arrivées” (Грачи прилетели) est une huile sur toile de 62X48,5 cm peinte par Alexei Savrasov (Алексей Саврасов) en 1871. C’est un paysage réaliste qui se trouve maintenant à la Galerie nationale Tretiakov.

L’image représente un jour de printemps, couvert, mais d’après les premiers messagers du printemps que sont les freux, le printemps se fait déjà sentir et n’est pas loin. Les premiers oiseaux du printemps s’affairent sur trois bouleaux noueux : les jeunes couples construisent de nouveaux nids, les vieux renouvellent ceux de l’an dernier.

"The Rooks Have Arrived" by Alexey Savrasov

Alexei Savrasov, a commencé à écrire le futur chef-d’œuvre en mars 1871 dans le village de Molvitino (maintenant rebaptisé Susanino) où il n’a fait que des esquisses, finalisant la partie principale dans son atelier de Moscou.

Près de la moitié de la toile est occupée par le ciel. Des cumulus l’arpentent, les couleurs du ciel passent du gris blanchâtre au bleu pâle, une couleur très printanière. Il donne à l’image une légèreté extraordinaire.

Le soleil illumine de mille feux des troncs de bouleaux, une palissade en bois, les toits des cases du village, et le clocher en croupe de l’église de la Résurrection. Un autre signe que malgré l’abondance de nuances grises et bleutées, Savrasov a représenté une journée ensoleillée sont les ombres fines des troncs d’arbres sur la neige.

"The Rooks Have Arrived" part birches and birds by Alexey Savrasov

Au premier plan de l’image se trouvent plusieurs bouleaux tordus, encore nus. Leurs fines branches sont dirigées vers le haut, vers le soleil. De nombreuses corbeau freux font leur nid, volent de branche en branche, s’affairent. C’est l’arrivée de ces freux qui est un symbole du printemps à venir. Ils sont connus pour être des oiseaux migrateurs. Ils quittent leurs nids à l’automne, mais retournent dans ces terres chaudes au printemps. On peut aussi voir les traces d’oiseaux sur la neige. Il y a un saule caché derrière les bouleaux nus qui sert aussi de métaphore à la résurrection : avec ses branches, analogue des rameaux de palmier dans un climat froid, le dimanche des Rameaux était traditionnellement célébré en Rus’.

Au pied des bouleaux, il y a des taches sombres et dégelées dans la neige, et on peut déjà voir de petites flaques d’eau, signe qu’il fait plus chaud dehors. Pour rendre la couleur de la neige, l’artiste utilise diverses nuances de blanc, bleuté, gris. Au loin, au soleil, la croûte glacée semble même légèrement dorée.

Le ciel bleu-gris se reflète dans l’étang, qui s’est déjà débarrassé de la glace. Des arbres nus y sont également visibles. Savrasov a ajouté un peu de couleur vert pâle dans la zone où un buisson de genévrier est visible dans l’eau. 

"The Rooks Have Arrived" part church by Alexey Savrasov

Il y a une église rurale avec un clocher en croupe visible derrière les bouleaux nous rappelant la résurrection du Christ. Les murs du temple et le clocher hexagonal sont blancs, du plâtre écaillé est visible ici et là. L’architecture de l’église suggère que nous avons devant nous un ancien bâtiment qui se dresse dans le village depuis des centaines d’années. C’est l’église orthodoxe de la résurrection du Christ dans le village de Molvitino (aujourd’hui Susanino). L’église a été construite à la fin du 17ème siècle et s’y trouve toujours aujourd’hui. 

"The Rooks Have Arrived" part fields by Alexey Savrasov

Derrière l’église, des champs sans fin s’ouvrent avec de la neige qui n’a pas encore complètement fondu.

En bas à gauche l’artiste a signé son tableau.

"The Rooks Have Arrived" signature by Alexey Savrasov

Pour améliorer le son spatial de l’image, Savrasov a légèrement perturbé la perspective. Le premier plan de l’image est représenté de telle manière que l’artiste semble être proche du sol. Mais sous cet angle, l’horizon devrait être assez bas, alors que sur la photo il est représenté approximativement au milieu de la toile, au niveau des coupoles des églises. Cela a été fait par l’artiste afin de mieux montrer les distances à plat, qui jouent un rôle sémantique et figuratif important dans l’image. 

Dans cette peinture, l’artiste a représenté de la manière la plus précise et la plus crédible le paysage russe, l’âme russe et leur nature.

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En 1997, lors de la célébration du 100e anniversaire de la mort du grand artiste, la Banque centrale de Russie a émis une pièce commémorative en argent avec un portrait d’Alexei Savrasov représenté dessus et un fragment de son célèbre tableau “Les freux sont arrivées”.

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Discover the famous painting “The Rooks Have Arrived” by Alexey Savrasov

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“The Rooks Have Arrived” is considered Savrasov’s most famous work. In this painting the Russian artist showed an example of a new vision of the world, very realistic and superior to the classics. “The Rooks Have Arrived” opened the way for the lyrical style in Russian painting, and marked a new milestone in  the development of Russian landscape painting”. Connoisseurs of painting liked the painting so much that the artist had to repeat the painting several times.

“The Rooks Have Arrived” (Грачи прилетели) is an oil on canvas of 62X48.5 cm painted by Alexei Savrasov (Алексей Саврасов) in 1871. It is a realistic landscape which is now in the State Tretyakov Gallery.

The picture depicts a spring day, overcast, but according to the first messengers of spring which are the rooks, the spring is already felt and is not far away. The first spring birds fuss on three gnarled birch trees: Young couples build new nests, old birds renew last year’s ones.

"The Rooks Have Arrived" by Alexey Savrasov

Alexei Savrasov, began to write the future masterpiece in March 1871 in the village of Molvitino (now renamed Susanino) where he made only sketches, finalizing the main part in his Moscow workshop.

Almost half of the canvas is occupied by the sky. Cumulus clouds roam it, the colors of the sky change from whitish-gray to pale blue, a very spring color. It gives the picture an extraordinary lightness.

The sun brightly illuminates birch trunks, a wooden fence, the roofs of village huts, and the hipped bell tower of the Resurrection Church. Another sign that, despite the abundance of gray and bluish shades, Savrasov depicted a sunny day are the thin shadows from tree trunks on the snow.

"The Rooks Have Arrived" part birches and birds by Alexey Savrasov

In the foreground of the picture are several twisted, still bare birches. Their thin branches are directed upwards, towards the sun. There are many black rooks making their nests, flying from branch to branch, busying themselves. It is the arrival of these rooks that is a symbol of the coming spring. They are known to be migratory birds. They leave their nests in autumn, but return to these warm lands again in spring. We can also see the traces of birds on the snow. There is a willow hidden behind the bare birches which also serves as a metaphor for the resurrection: with its branches, an analogue of palm branches in a cold climate, Palm Sunday was traditionally celebrated in Rus’.

At the foot of the birches there are dark, thawed patches in the snow, and small puddles can already be seen, which is a sign that it is getting warmer outside. To convey the color of snow, the artist uses various shades of white, bluish, gray. In the distance, in the sun, the icy crust seems even light golden.

Blue-gray sky is reflected in the pond, which has already got rid of the ice. Bare trees are also visible in it. Savrasov added a little pale green color in the area where a juniper bush is visible in the water. .

"The Rooks Have Arrived" part church by Alexey Savrasov

There is an inconspicuous rural church with a hipped bell tower visible behind the birches reminding us of the resurrection of Christ. . The walls of the temple and the hexagonal bell tower are white, peeling plaster is visible here and there. The architecture of the church suggests that we have before us an ancient building that has stood in the village for hundreds of years. It is the Orthodox Church of the Resurrection of Christ in the village of Molvitino (now Susanino). The church was built at the end of the 17th century and still stands there now.

"The Rooks Have Arrived" part fields by Alexey Savrasov

Behind the church, endless fields open up with snow that has not completely melted yet.

On the bottom left the artist signed his painting.

"The Rooks Have Arrived" signature by Alexey Savrasov

To enhance the spatial sound of the image, Savrasov slightly disturbed the perspective. The foreground of the picture is depicted in such a way that the artist seems to be close to the ground. But from this angle , the horizon would have to be quite low, while in the picture it is depicted approximately in the middle of the canvas, at the level of church domes. This was done by the artist in order to better show the flat distances, which play an important semantic and figurative role in the picture. 

In this painting, the artist most accurately and believably depicted the Russian landscape, the Russian soul, and their nature.

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In 1997, when the 100th anniversary of the death of the great artist was celebrated, the Central Bank of Russia issued a commemorative silver coin with a portrait of Alexei Savrasov depicted on it and a fragment of his famous painting “The Rooks Have Arrived”.

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Histoire et synopsis de « Candide » de Voltaire

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“Candide”, également appelé “l’Optimisme” est un satire français et l’œuvre la plus connue de Voltaire, laquelle a été publiée pour la première fois en 1759. C’est un conte philosophique qui est souvent salué comme un texte paradigmatique des Lumières, mais il est aussi une attaque ironique sur ses croyances optimistes. Parce que le livre se moque ouvertement du gouvernement et de l’église, l’ouvrage et son auteur ont été immédiatement dénoncés par les autorités laïques et religieuses après sa publication. Candide est maintenant disponible dans notre section de livres bilingues (anglais/français)

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Le Grand Conseil de Genève et les administrateurs de Paris ont interdit “Candide” fin février 1759, mais il réussit néanmoins à se vendre entre vingt mille et trente mille exemplaires à la fin de l’année en plus de vingt éditions, cela en fait un best-seller. En 1762, Candide a été répertorié dans l ‘ Index Librorum Prohibitorum , la liste des livres interdits de l’Église catholique romaine. Pendant longtemps, les États-Unis ont considéré « Candide » comme une œuvre pionnière de la littérature occidentale et l’ont interdit jusqu’au XXe siècle.

“Candide” a été inspiré par un certain nombre d’événements historiques, notamment la guerre de Sept Ans et le tremblement de terre de Lisbonne de 1755, le tsunami et les incendies qui en ont résulté à la Toussaint.

Derrière une façade ludique se cache une critique très dure de la civilisation européenne contemporaine où des gouvernements européens comme la France, la Prusse, le Portugal et l’Angleterre sont chacun attaqués sans pitié par l’auteur ce qui en a irrité plus d’un.

En 1953, “Candide a été adapté pour l’émission d’anthologie de la radio “On Stage”. Il a également été adapté en tant qu’opérette comique qui a ouvert ses portes à Broadway en tant que comédie musicale le 1er décembre 1956. En 1973, la BBC a produit une adaptation télévisée de “Candide” En plus de ce qui précède, “Candide” a également été transformé en un numéro de films mineurs et d’adaptations théâtrales tout au long du XXe siècle. 

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Aperçu

Candide by Voltaire

Candide, notre jeune et naïf héros est éduqué à une philosophie optimiste par son tuteur Pangloss. Il tombe amoureux de la fille du baron, Cunégonde, et est contraint de quitter le château lorsque le baron apprend leur amour. Candide s’engage dans l’armée et c’est le début d’une série d’épreuves et de désastres qu’il va rencontrer. Il vit les horreurs de la guerre, des viols, des vols, des pendaisons, des naufrages, des tremblements de terre, du cannibalisme et de l’esclavage. Ces expériences érodent la croyance optimiste de Candide.

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Début de la piece

CHAPITRE I.
Comment Candide fut élevé dans un beau château, et comment il fut chassé d’icelui.
Il y avait en Vestphalie, dans le château de M. le baron de Thunder-ten-tronckh, un jeune garçon à qui la nature avait donné les moeurs les plus douces. Sa physionomie annonçait son âme. Il avait le jugement assez droit, avec l’esprit le plus simple; c’est, je crois, pour cette raison qu’on le nommait Candide. Les anciens domestiques de la maison soupçonnaient qu’il était fils de la soeur de monsieur le baron et d’un bon et honnête gentilhomme du voisinage, que cette demoiselle ne voulut jamais épouser parce qu’il n’avait pu prouver que soixante et onze quartiers, et que le reste de son arbre généalogique avait été perdu par l’injure du temps.
Monsieur le baron était un des plus puissants seigneurs de la Westphalie, car son château avait une porte et des fenêtres. Sa grande salle même était ornée d’une tapisserie. Tous les chiens de ses basses-cours composaient une meute dans le besoin; ses palefreniers étaient ses piqueurs; le vicaire du village était son grand-aumônier. Ils l’appelaient tous monseigneur, et ils riaient quand il fesait des contes.
Madame la baronne, qui pesait environ trois cent cinquante livres, s’attirait par là une très grande considération, et fesait les honneurs de la maison avec une dignité qui la rendait encore plus respectable. Sa fille Cunégonde, âgée de dix-sept ans, était haute en couleur, fraîche, grasse, appétissante. Le fils du baron paraissait en tout digne de son père. Le précepteur Pangloss[1] était l’oracle de la maison, et le petit Candide écoutait ses leçons avec toute la bonne foi de son âge et de son caractère.
[1] De pan, tout, et glossa, langue. B.
Pangloss enseignait la métaphysico-théologo-cosmolonigologie. Il prouvait admirablement qu’il n’y a point d’effet sans cause, et que, dans ce meilleur des mondes possibles, le château de monseigneur le baron était le plus beau des châteaux, et madame la meilleure des baronnes possibles.
Il est démontré, disait-il, que les choses ne peuvent être autrement; car tout étant fait pour une fin, tout est nécessairement pour la meilleure fin. Remarquez bien que les nez ont été faits pour porter des lunettes; aussi avons-nous des lunettes[2]. Les jambes sont visiblement instituées pour être chaussées, et nous avons des chausses. Les pierres ont été formées pour être taillées et pour en faire des châteaux; aussi monseigneur a un très beau château: le plus grand baron de la province doit être le mieux logé; et les cochons étant faits pour être mangés, nous mangeons du porc toute l’année: par conséquent, ceux qui ont avancé que tout est bien ont dit une sottise; il fallait dire que tout est au mieux.
[2] Voyez tome XXVII, page 528; et dans les Mélanges, année 1738, le chapitre XI de la troisième partie des Éléments de la philosophie de Newton; et année 1768, le chapitre X des Singularités de la nature. B.
Candide écoutait attentivement, et croyait innocemment; car il trouvait mademoiselle Cunégonde extrêmement belle, quoiqu’il ne prît jamais la hardiesse de le lui dire. Il concluait qu’après le bonheur d’être né baron de Thunder-ten-tronckh, le second degré de bonheur était d’être mademoiselle Cunégonde; le troisième, de la voir tous les jours; et le quatrième, d’entendre maître Pangloss, le plus grand philosophe de la province, et par conséquent de toute la terre.
Un jour Cunégonde, en se promenant auprès du château, dans le petit bois qu’on appelait parc, vit entre des broussailles le docteur Pangloss qui donnait une leçon de physique expérimentale à la femme de chambre de sa mère, petite brune très jolie et très docile. Comme mademoiselle Cunégonde avait beaucoup de disposition pour les sciences, elle observa, sans souffler, les expériences réitérées dont elle fut témoin; elle vit clairement la raison suffisante du docteur, les effets et les causes, et s’en retourna tout agitée, toute pensive, toute remplie du désir d’être savante, songeant qu’elle pourrait bien être la raison suffisante du jeune Candide, qui pouvait aussi être la sienne.
Elle rencontra Candide en revenant au château, et rougit: Candide rougit aussi. Elle lui dit bonjour d’une voix entrecoupée; et Candide lui parla sans savoir ce qu’il disait. Le lendemain, après le dîner, comme on sortait de table, Cunégonde et Candide se trouvèrent derrière un paravent; Cunégonde laissa tomber son mouchoir, Candide le ramassa; elle lui prit innocemment la main; le jeune homme baisa innocemment la main de la jeune demoiselle avec une vivacité, une sensibilité, une grâce toute particulière; leurs bouches se rencontrèrent, leurs yeux s’enflammèrent, leurs genoux tremblèrent, leurs mains s’égarèrent. M. le baron de Thunder-ten-tronckh passa auprès du paravent, et voyant cette cause et cet effet, chassa Candide du château à grands coups de pied dans le derrière. Cunégonde s’évanouit: elle fut souffletée par madame la baronne dès qu’elle fut revenue à elle-même; et tout fut consterné dans le plus beau et le plus agréable des châteaux possibles.

Continuer la lecture (CHAPITRE II)

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History and synopsis of “Candide” by Voltaire

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“Candide”, also called “l’Optimisme” is a French satire and the best-known work of Voltaire which was first published in 1759. It is a philosophical tale which is often hailed as a paradigmatic text of the Enlightenment, but it is also an ironic attack on its optimistic beliefs. Because the book openly derides government and church alike  the work and its author were immediately denounced by both secular and religious authorities after its publication. Candide is now available in our bilingual book section (English/French)

Voltaire
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The Grand Council of Geneva and the administrators of Paris banned “Candide” by the end of February 1759, but it nevertheless succeeded in selling twenty thousand to thirty thousand copies by the end of the year in over twenty editions, making it a best seller. In 1762, Candide was listed in the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, the Roman Catholic Church’s list of prohibited books. For a long time, the United States considered “Candide” a seminal work of Western literature and banned it well into the twentieth century.

“Candide” was inspired by a number of historical events, most notably the Seven Years’ War and the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, tsunami and resulting fires of All Saints’ Day.

Behind a playful facade lies very harsh criticism of contemporary European civilization where European governments such as France, Prussia, Portugal and England are each attacked ruthlessly by the author which angered many.

In 1953 “Candide was adapted for the Radio anthology program “On Stage”. It was also adapted as a comic operetta which first opened in Broadway as a musical on December 1st, 1956. In 1973, the BBC produced a television adaptation of “Candide” In addition to the above, “Candide” was also made into a number of minor films and theatrical adaptations throughout the twentieth century. 

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Overview

Candide by Voltaire

Candide, our young and naive hero is schooled in an optimistic philosophy by his tutor Pangloss. He falls in love with the baron’s daughter, Cunégonde, and is forced to leave the castle when the baron learns of their love. Candide joins the army and it is the beginning of s series of hardships and disasters that he will encounter. He experiences the horrors of war, rape, theft, hanging, shipwrecks, earthquakes, cannibalism, and slavery. These experiences erode Candide’s optimistic belief.

Candide bilingual French/EnglishCandide FrenchCandide English

Beginning of the play

I
HOW CANDIDE WAS BROUGHT UP IN A MAGNIFICENT CASTLE, AND HOW HE WAS EXPELLED THENCE.
In a castle of Westphalia, belonging to the Baron of Thunder-ten-Tronckh, lived a youth, whom nature had endowed with the most gentle manners. His countenance was a true picture of his soul. He combined a true judgment with simplicity of spirit, which was the reason, I apprehend, of his being called Candide. The old servants of the family suspected him to have been the son of the Baron’s sister, by a good, honest gentleman of the neighborhood, whom that young lady would never marry because he had been able to prove only seventy-one quarterings, the rest of his genealogical tree having been lost through the injuries of time.
The Baron was one of the most powerful lords in Westphalia, for his castle had not only a gate, but windows. His great hall, even, was[Pg 2] hung with tapestry. All the dogs of his farm-yards formed a pack of hounds at need; his grooms were his huntsmen; and the curate of the village was his grand almoner. They called him “My Lord,” and laughed at all his stories.
The Baron’s lady weighed about three hundred and fifty pounds, and was therefore a person of great consideration, and she did the honours of the house with a dignity that commanded still greater respect. Her daughter Cunegonde was seventeen years of age, fresh-coloured, comely, plump, and desirable. The Baron’s son seemed to be in every respect worthy of his father. The Preceptor Pangloss[1] was the oracle of the family, and little Candide heard his lessons with all the good faith of his age and character.
Pangloss was professor of metaphysico-theologico-cosmolo-nigology. He proved admirably that there is no effect without a cause, and that, in this best of all possible worlds, the Baron’s castle was the most magnificent of castles, and his lady the best of all possible Baronesses.
“It is demonstrable,” said he, “that things cannot be otherwise than as they are; for all being created for an end, all is necessarily for the best end. Observe, that the nose has been formed to bear spectacles—thus we have spectacles. Legs are visibly designed for stockings[Pg 3]—and we have stockings. Stones were made to be hewn, and to construct castles—therefore my lord has a magnificent castle; for the greatest baron in the province ought to be the best lodged. Pigs were made to be eaten—therefore we eat pork all the year round. Consequently they who assert that all is well have said a foolish thing, they should have said all is for the best.”
Candide listened attentively and believed innocently; for he thought Miss Cunegonde extremely beautiful, though he never had the courage to tell her so. He concluded that after the happiness of being born of Baron of Thunder-ten-Tronckh, the second degree of happiness was to be Miss Cunegonde, the third that of seeing her every day, and the fourth that of hearing Master Pangloss, the greatest philosopher of the whole province, and consequently of the whole world.
One day Cunegonde, while walking near the castle, in a little wood which they called a park, saw between the bushes, Dr. Pangloss giving a lesson in experimental natural philosophy to her mother’s chamber-maid, a little brown wench, very pretty and very docile. As Miss Cunegonde had a great disposition for the sciences, she breathlessly observed the repeated experiments of which she was a witness; she clearly perceived [Pg 4]the force of the Doctor’s reasons, the effects, and the causes; she turned back greatly flurried, quite pensive, and filled with the desire to be learned; dreaming that she might well be a sufficient reason for young Candide, and he for her.
She met Candide on reaching the castle and blushed; Candide blushed also; she wished him good morrow in a faltering tone, and Candide spoke to her without knowing what he said. The next day after dinner, as they went from table, Cunegonde and Candide found themselves behind a screen; Cunegonde let fall her handkerchief, Candide picked it up, she took him innocently by the hand, the youth as innocently kissed the young lady’s hand with particular vivacity, sensibility, and grace; their lips met, their eyes sparkled, their knees trembled, their hands strayed. Baron Thunder-ten-Tronckh passed near the screen and beholding this cause and effect chased Candide from the castle with great kicks on the backside; Cunegonde fainted away; she was boxed on the ears by the Baroness, as soon as she came to herself; and all was consternation in this most magnificent and most agreeable of all possible castles.

Continue reading (II)

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Progrès du Site semaine du 27 Octobre 2022

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Cette semaine, j’ai mis à jour la page de tous nos articles (all our posts) , puis j’ai ajouté un livre de littérature américaine intitulé “The Red Badge of Courage” de Stephen Crane. Il est disponible en lecture ou en téléchargement en anglais et en français. J’ai aussi continué à travailler sur notre livre bilingue, donc nous pourrions en voir un nouveau avant la fin du mois.

Vous pouvez lire le livre en anglais ici : The Red Badge of Courage », ou télécharger le PDF : « The Red Badge of Courage » PDF .
Vous pouvez lire le livre en français ici : « Le Signe Rouge Des Braves », ou télécharger le PDF : « Le Signe Rouge Des Braves » P DF

Les articles de cette semaine portaient sur l’ histoire et synopsis de « Germinal » d’ Émile Zola samedi, et sur le tableau « Matin brumeux » de I. I. Shishkin mardi.

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Site Progress Week of October 27, 2022

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This week I updated the page of all our posts, then I added a book of American Literature called “The Red Badge of Courage” by Stephen Crane. It is available to read or download in english and in French. I also continued to work on our bilingual book, so we might see a new one before the end of the month.

You can read the English book here: The Red Badge of Courage“, or download the PDF: “The Red Badge of Courage” PDF.
You can read the book in French here: “Le Signe Rouge Des Braves“, or download the PDF: “Le Signe Rouge Des Braves“PDF

The articles this week were about the history and synopsis of “Germinal” by Émile Zola Saturday, and the painting “Foggy Morning” by I. I. Shishkin on Tuesday.

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Découvrez le tableau « Matin brumeux » de I. I. Shishkin

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“Matin brumeux” (Туманное утро) est une huile sur toile monumentale de 108 X 144,5 cm, peinte en 1885 par I. I. Chichkine (И.И.Шишкин). Elle est située au Musée d’Art de Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod. C’est une belle vue panoramique d’un petit matin sur la rive de la rivière.

"Foggy Morning" by I. I. Shishkin

Même si Shiskin a peint principalement la vie de la forêt russe, il a parfois peint des champs et des prairies. Cette peinture n’est pas typique de Shishkin car généralement ses peintures dépeignent la nature à l’apogée de la beauté estivale au milieu de la journée. 

« Matin brumeux » est une œuvre très harmonieuse peinte dans des tons verdâtres-argentés. Le tableau représente une rivière, sur les rives de laquelle pousse une forêt. La peinture capture le début d’une nouvelle journée et l’état paisible de la nature au petit matin au bord d’une rivière.

La rivière est encadrée par des rives pittoresques de couleur émeraude et est représentée dans de riches tons verts, ainsi que dans une couleur argentée représentant le brouillard.

"Foggy Morning" by I. I. Shishkin part river, and forest

Quelque part au loin, la forêt est enveloppée de brouillard, mais ici, sur la rive gauche de la rivière, sur laquelle l’auteur a montré de petits arbustes et des fleurs sauvages, le brouillard est à peine visible. La surface miroir de la rivière silencieuse reflète le ciel et les cimes majestueuses des arbres bouclés. Le mur dense de la forêt ressemble plus à une tente verte tissée, qui s’étend jusqu’à l’horizon. Les arbres de la forêt sur la rive opposée sont très majestueusement représentés. Le temps sans vent ne fait qu’ajouter à leur puissance. La forêt est dessinée très densément. Au loin un épais brouillard matinal ne s’est pas encore dissipé, et un voile bleuté recouvre une partie de la forêt et les berges du fleuve.

"Foggy Morning" by I. I. Shishkin part sky

 

Le ciel est haut et sans fond et vous ne pouvez même pas voir les nuages ​​flotter dessus. Après tout, ces nuages ​​se sont transformés en un voile de dentelle blanche qui descend jusqu’à la cime des arbres. La lumière du soleil enveloppe chaque nuage et à partir de là, le voile de dentelle blanche devient doré annonçant l’aube et l’arrivée d’une belle journée.

L’élaboration caractéristique des détails est impressionnante et nous pouvons admirer la variété des nuances de couleurs qui traduisent le jeu des ombres et de la lumière.

Dans ce tableau, le peintre traduit la beauté d’un matin d’été ainsi que la fragilité et l’unicité de l’instant.

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Shishkin été captivé par le motif du “Matin brumeux” et est revenu plusieurs fois sur le sujet.

J’espère que vous avez apprécié ce tableau autant que moi

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