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Arkady Alexandrovich Plastov (Аркадий Александрович Пластов) (1893–1972) was born in a family of hereditary icon painters, and made a great contribution to the development of Russian culture. Beginning in 1935, he has been creating genre paintings, in which he embellished the life of the Soviet village. So an important place in his work was occupied by the image of the everyday life of peasants against the backdrop of their beautiful country.
The painting “Spring” is an oil on canvas which was painted in 1952. it is a genre scene from the life of a young peasant woman who came to the spring to get clean water. Effectively, there was no running water in the villages at this period, and someone had to go sometimes far to get water with buckets.
In the foreground we see a girl standing on logs holding a yoke with large iron buckets in her hands.
The barefoot girl is dressed in a beautiful light dress with a miniature pattern, and a clean white scarf frames her head, from under which thick golden braids peek out.
The heroine of the picture is serious and completely focused on the process of collecting water.
One of the bucket is already full, while she fills the other with a stream of clean, transparent water from a small spring. We can see splashing water on the side of the bucket, which creates the dynamics of the composition of the canvas. We can also admire how clean and transparent is the water that the artist managed to paint. The crystal freshness of cool water illuminated by the warm summer sun is literally felt.
Under the bucket, the spilled water formed a small pond, which was overgrown with reeds.
Behind the girl’s back we see a lot of greenery, which occupies a large area of the work. The vegetation is quite high and dense, which means that the spring is practically not noticeable from the outside. In the upper part of the picture, a blue sky with white clouds is slightly visible.
The color scheme is quite warm. This is expressed in the yellow-green colorful strokes of plants and the girl’s scarlet blush. Also, solar accents are shown in the color spots of her clothes. There is a battle of contrasts. Light tones contrast with dark ones. Thus, the harmony of the painted picture is created.
This canvas by Arkady Plastov perfectly cheers up and evokes the warmest and most positive feelings. Due to the calm plot, pleasant shades of colors, the harmony of nature and peasant life is conveyed.
I hope you enjoyed this painting as much as I did
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“ Flying Carpet ” is an oil on canvas of 165×297 cm painted by the famous painter Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov in 1880, This painting is currently in the Nizhny Novgorod State Art Museum.
This is the second picture of Vasnetsov, in which he turned to fairy tales and myths. We already wrote about his first picture which was “The Knight at the Crossroads“.
The plot of the “ Flying Carpet ” is the fairy tale story of Ivan Tsarevich, who went after the Firebird, which got into the habit of stealing apples in the royal garden.
According to Vasnetsov himself, the picture was supposed to express the greatness of Russian traditions and to represent a symbol of victory over space. “ Flying Carpet ” reflects faith in the bright future of the Russian people, and in this work, the painter put all his love for folk art and his own understanding of the wisdom of folk epics.
The story of the “Flying Carpet” began with Savva Mamontov, a philanthropist who was the chairman of the board of the Donetsk railway. He ordered three canvases that would reflect the endless possibilities for people to move after the construction of the Donetsk railway track, and insisted on a fantastic plot, which was displayed in Vasnetsov’s canvas “Flying Carpet”. In this painting, the magical means of transportation was to become a symbol of the fastest transport, an allegorical illustration of the awakening of a new railway direction.
However, the members of the board considered fairy-tale motifs inappropriate in the working atmosphere of the office, so the philanthropist bought the canvas and for a long time, the painting remained in Mamontov’s personal collection.
At first, the artist’s idea was different from the final version of the painting. Two people were supposed to fly on the carpet – the Tsarevich and his beloved, who bowed her head on Ivan’s shoulder.
But after a long search, Vasnetsov left only one hero on the carpet, handing him a cage with an unprecedented trophy – a firebird.
Each image in this picture has its own symbolic meaning. If you look closely at the canvas, you will immediately notice that the upper part of the picture is brighter and more saturated. The pink shades with which the sun adorned the sky symbolically indicate the victory of the hero of the fairy tale, who overcame all difficulties. He was able to escape from the chase and caught the Firebird, which got into the habit of stealing apples in the royal garden. But the Firebird is the only full-fledged source of light in the picture. Even the moon, visible in the background, cannot compare with it. And to depict the real world, Vasnetsov used already dark and gloomy halftones and shades.
Each character is made so realistically that looking at this canvas, it involuntarily seems that such a carpet really exists somewhere.
Ivan Tsarevich, the Firebird and the Flying Carpet stand out as a bright colorful spot against the background of a lifeless and dull landscape. Bright colors symbolize the triumph of a person’s dream come true.
The magic carpet is depicted in flight and the tsar stands on it to his full height. Ivan himself is the personification of courage. The carpet simply hurries across the sky, and this is visible thanks to the way the clothes of the prince and his hair are moving.
The flying carpet is accompanied by three birds. They are depicted in the same colors as the world around them. These large owls fly in front of the carpet and may show him the way. The magic carpet is full of outlandish patterns, some of which are painfully reminiscent of magical runes and may be the reason why the carpet can fly. This magical carpet itself looks like a huge bird with a curved head and wide-open wings with the corners of the weaving product playing the role of its two wings and the canvas slightly arched upwards making this part similar to the back of a bird. When looking at the picture, it is noticeable that the carpet floats smoothly through the air. It soars over the expanses of Russia, majestically rises above the forests and thick fog. Watching this work, one can appreciate how wide the country is.
Ivan Tsarevich standing on the carpet like a captain on a heavenly ship is a sign of victory, self-confidence. He is not afraid to fall, and confidently looks into the distance. It serves as proof that there are no insurmountable obstacles. It can be seen that Ivan Tsarevich hurries through the boundless plains with rivers and fields. He returns from a long journey to the thirtieth kingdom where he managed to capture the magical firebird.
The whole facial expression and posture of Ivan Tsarevich expresses pride from the test he has passed. His appearance is interesting and his clothes delight and amazes with their wealth and luxury. He is dressed in a caftan with long robe which is embroidered with beautiful patterns. The whole caftan is decorated with gilding, and there are many precious stones on the cap. Such clothes were worn in Russia only by noble and rich people. On the prince’s belt is an embroidered bag containing the key to the cage. The sword-treasurer shimmers from the gilding with which it is decorated, and a thick chain hangs around the neck of the hero of the picture, to which a gold cage was attached.
Viktor Vasnetsov has depicted the cage in detail. It is all openwork and wonderful, and at the top, each lattice ends with unusual figures of dragons, in whose teeth there are bells. When the cage sways, a pleasant and melodic ringing is heard.
A beautiful Firebird sits on a thin and graceful perch, and from this firebird an unusual bright light spreads around. The artist uses white for its image, which symbolizes its purity. The Firebird is a symbol of happiness, joy and good luck, but unfortunately, not every person manages to catch one. The shining Firebird in the cage is like a big lantern that lights the way home. Even on a dark night, it shows the way to Tsarevich Ivan, who having achieved his goal, strives to go home.
Everything that happens in the picture takes the viewer to the end of the day, at its very sunset, when the crescent of the moon is already beginning to weakly break through the clouds. You can see not only the sky, but also what lies far below: this is a wonderful forest, and magnificent fields, and a gentle river.
This painting of “The Flying Carpet”, painted in 1880, has become so popular today that its reproductions can be found not only in many private houses and apartments, but also in institutions such as schools, kindergartens or clinics in Russia. And not only an adult, but also every child, without hesitation, will say who its author is and what it is called.
“The Prophet” («Пророк») was written by Alexander Pushkin (Александр Пушкин) in 1826 and immediately gained wide popularity. This poem became central to Pushkin’s philosophical reflections, and a kind of program for action, a guide in life and work for many writers and followers of the great poet. The idea expressed in “The Prophet” gave a powerful impetus to many subsequent generations of poets. … Continue reading
Painting “Cry of prophet Jeremiah on the Ruins of Jerusalem” (on a Bible subject) by Ilya Repin – 1870
«Пророк» Александра Пушкина
“Prophet” by Alexander Pushkin
Духовной жаждою томим, В пустыне мрачной я влачился, — И шестикрылый серафим На перепутье мне явился.
I dragged my flesh through desert gloom, Tormented by the spirit’s yearning, And saw a six-winged Seraph loom, Upon the footpath’s barren turning.
Перстами легкими как сон Моих зениц коснулся он. Отверзлись вещие зеницы, Как у испуганной орлицы.
And as a dream in slumber lies So light this light his finger on my eyes. My wizard eyes grew wide and wary; An eagle’s startled from the eyrie
« Le Prophète » (« Пророк ») a été écrit par Alexandre Pouchkine (Александр Пушкин) en 1826 et a immédiatement gagné une grande popularité. Ce poème est devenu central dans les réflexions philosophiques de Pouchkine, et une sorte de programme d’action, un guide dans la vie et l’œuvre pour de nombreux écrivains et disciples du grand poète. L’idée exprimée dans « Le Prophète » a donné un puissant élan à de nombreuses générations ultérieures de poètes. Continuer la lecture
“Cri du prophète Jérémie sur les ruines de Jérusalem” (sur un sujet biblique) d’Ilya Repin – 1870
«Пророк» Александра Пушкина
« Prophète » par Alexandre Pouchkine
Traduit par Akirill.com
Духовной жаждою томим, В пустыне мрачной я влачился, — И шестикрылый серафим На перепутье мне явился.
La soif spirituelle me tourmentais, Dans le désert sombre, j’ai erré, Et un Séraphin à six ailes À la croisée des chemins, m’est apparu.
Перстами легкими как сон Моих зениц коснулся он. Отверзлись вещие зеницы, Как у испуганной орлицы.
De ses doigts légers comme un songe, Il toucha mes prunelles. Mes prunelles s’écarquillèrent voyantes; Comme celles d’un aigle effarouché.
Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov (Виктор Васнецов) is a famous Russian painter, founder of the fairy-tale epic genre . The master created several versions of The Knight at the Crossroads. The first one was completed in 1877 and is significantly different from the subsequent ones. “The knight at the Crossroads” («Витязь на распутье») is an oil on canvas of 167 by 308 cm and was completed in 1882. It is now in the St. Petersburg State Russian Museum.
This is one of the philosophical works of the painter, and it encourages the viewer not only to contemplate, but also to think. And to think not only about the fate of the hero, but also about the deeper and eternal problems of good and evil, justice and deceit But also about the problem of choosing a future path in life, which probably disturb every person.
“Warrior in a helmet with chain mail” 1877“The knight at the Crossroads” 1882
The first pencil sketches of “The knight at the Crossroads” appeared in the early 1870s. His “Forerunner” can be considered the picture of Viktor Mikhailovich “Warrior in a helmet with chain mail”, painted by him in 1877.
“The Knight at the Crossroads” is a painting by the famous Russian artist Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov. His inspiration for the creation of “The Knight at the Crossroads” was the old Russian epic “Ilya Muromets and the Robbers”: Once on the path of the hero there was a stone with a curious inscription.
«Витязь на распутье» Виктора Васнецова
According to the prediction, if Ilya turns in one direction – he will be killed, in the other – he will marry, in the third – he will gain wealth.
The man decided to try his luck and drove along the road that was supposed to bring him death. He met forty robbers, but managed to cope with them. Then he returned to the stone and wrote that the prediction did not come true. The same happened with other tracks. It seemed that the hero managed to deceive fate itself …
part of «Витязь на распутье» Виктора Васнецова
Ahead, the artist depicted a black cloud which can be a warning to Ilya Muromets of danger. But then the sky is clear and a little pinkish, probably the dawn, giving us hope. It might show that the path will be difficult and dangerous, but still lead to good. Probably, the knight will still decide to go ahead and defeat all dangers.
Initially, the author conceived to draw “The Knight at the Crossroads” facing the viewer. However, later Vasnetsov changed his mind and focused not on the key character, but on his confusion and difficulty in choosing a path.
part of «Витязь на распутье» Виктора Васнецова
In front of the hero there is a stone on which it is written that if you go straight, it is impossible for anyone to stay alive. Because many years have passed, all other inscriptions on the stone have been erased. Ilya Muromets understands that he has only one path that will lead him to death.
Usually fairy tales and epics talk about three roads that are offered to the traveler to choose from. However, on his canvas, Vasnetsov decided to deviate from this important point. With this technique, he visually strengthened the disturbing plot of the picture, leaving the epic hero without an alternative choice of path.
Almost immediately behind the stone, solid earth turns into unsteady swampy soil. In the future, there is nothing that could inspire gratifying hope. There is a narrow path that goes to the left, winding between boulders. It leads to no one knows where and gradually dissolves. The prophetic stone says nothing about it. There is no third road, as it should be in fairy tales.
«Витязь на распутье» Виктора Васнецова
In the center of the work is Ilya Muromets. He is known as the most courageous and strong hero in Russia. His back is turned to us, so we do not see his face. His strong body is now relaxed and his shoulders slumped as if he had traveled for a very long time and was tired. We can see that he did not rush his horse across the wide field since only the tips of his boots were inserted into the stirrups. The hero is dressed in battle armor. Behind him is a large heavy round shield. A brown leather quiver, decorated with metal decorative overlays, is attached to the belt. The quiver is full of arrows. A massive mace hangs from the side. In his right hand, the knight holds a long, sharp spear on a red shaft. It is lowered with the tip down, the slightly bent arm of the hero weakly squeezes it. The warrior is calm and self-confident, ready even for an unexpected meeting with the enemy. On his feet he has high light green boots with a gilded edging at the top of the top.
The whole image speaks of his meditation, the figure of the hero is majestic and powerful. Thoughtfulness is visible in the bowed head. His spear is also tilted down. The author shows the unity between him and his brave friend, the horse, because despite the fact that the horse stands confidently, its head is tilted.
part of «Витязь на распутье» Виктора Васнецова
The spear that the warrior holds in his hand deserves special attention. The canvas depicts an infantry spear which is intended for foot soldiers. The riders were armed with cavalry. It is noteworthy that in previous studies there was no such feature. Perhaps the rider is ready to lose his horse at any moment, and therefore it is the infantry spear in his hand.
The heroic horse is a match for the hero himself. It is strong, sleek, with a thick mane hanging almost to the ground, a silky tail, and powerful legs that firmly step on the ground. And now he meekly and patiently stands, with its head down, as if it was making a difficult decision. or maybe waiting for the decision of his master.
part of «Витязь на распутье» Виктора Васнецова
The terrain is depicted as swampy, there is almost no vegetation, stones are also scattered in the most gloomy tones.
Bones of people and animals are scattered across the field. And right in front of the stone we see the skulls of a man and a horse. Apparently, at one time they decided to cross the line on which the stone-prophet stands, but the prediction came true. Now black crows are circling over the field in anticipation of new prey.
The beautiful picture captures the moment of doom. At that moment, the knight does not yet know how his journey will end, and whether what the inscription on the stone predicts will come true. The picturesque plot of Vasnetsov’s creation fascinates with its fabulousness, tragedy, faith in the triumph of good over evil and darkness. and let us wonder if fate determines the fate of a person, or if we are responsible for our own lives.
Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov (Виктор Васнецов) est un célèbre peintre russe, fondateur du genre épique des contes de fées. Le maître a créé plusieurs versions du tableau “Le Chevalier à la Croisée des Chemins “. Le premier a été achevé en 1877 et est sensiblement différent des suivants. “Le Chevalier à la Croisée des Chemins” (“Витязь на распутье”) est une huile sur toile de 167 sur 308 cm et a été achevée en 1882. Elle se trouve maintenant au Musée russe d’État de Saint-Pétersbourg.
C’est l’une des œuvres philosophiques du peintre, et elle encourage le spectateur non seulement à contempler, mais aussi à réfléchir. Et à penser non seulement au sort du héros, mais aussi aux problèmes plus profonds et éternels du bien et du mal, ainsi que celui de la justice et de la tromperie. Mais aussi au problème du choix d’un futur chemin dans la vie, qui dérange probablement tout le monde.
“Warrior in a helmet with chain mail” 1877“The knight at the Crossroads” 1882
Les premières esquisses au crayon de la toile: “Le Chevalier à la Croisée des Chemins” apparaissent au début des années 1870. Son “précurseur” peut être considéré comme l’image de Viktor Mikhailovich “Guerrier Dans un Casque avec une Cotte de Mailles”, peinte par lui en 1877.
“Le chevalier à la Croisée des Chemins” est une peinture du célèbre artiste russe Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov. Son inspiration pour la création de: “Le chevalier à la croisée des chemins” était la vieille épopée russe “Ilya Muromets et les voleurs”: Une fois sur le chemin du héros, il y avait une pierre avec une curieuse inscription.
«Витязь на распутье» Виктора Васнецова
Selon la prédiction, si Ilya va dans une direction – il sera tué, dans l’autre – il se mariera, dans la troisième – il gagnera de la richesse.
L’homme a décidé de tenter sa chance et a conduit le long de la route qui était censée lui apporter la mort. Il a rencontré quarante voleurs, mais a réussi à faire face à eux. Puis il retourna à la pierre et écrivit que la prédiction ne s’était pas réalisée. La même chose s’est produite avec les autres routes. Il semblait que le héros avait réussi à tromper le destin lui-même…
part of «Витязь на распутье» Виктора Васнецова
Devant, l’artiste est représenté un nuage noir qui peut être un avertissement de danger pour Ilya Muromets. Mais ensuite le ciel est clair et un peu rosé, sans doute l’aube, qui nous redonne espoir. Cela pourrait montrer que le chemin sera difficile et dangereux, mais qu’il mènera toujours au bien. Probablement, le chevalier décidera toujours d’aller de l’avant et de vaincre tous les dangers.
Initialement, l’auteur a conçu de dessiner “Le chevalier à la croisée des chemins” face au spectateur. Cependant, plus tard, Vasnetsov a changé d’avis et s’est concentré non pas sur le personnage clé, mais sur sa confusion et sa difficulté à choisir une voie.
part of «Витязь на распутье» Виктора Васнецова
Devant le héros se trouve une pierre sur laquelle il est écrit que si vous allez tout droit, il est impossible à quiconque de rester en vie. Parce que de nombreuses années se sont écoulées, toutes les autres inscriptions sur la pierre ont été effacées. Ilya Muromets comprend qu’il n’a qu’un seul chemin qui le mènera à la mort.
Habituellement, les contes de fées et les épopées parlent de trois routes proposées au voyageur. Cependant, sur sa toile, Vasnetsov a décidé de s’écarter de ce point important. Avec cette technique, il a renforcé visuellement l’intrigue inquiétante de l’image, laissant le héros épique sans autre choix de chemin.
Presque immédiatement derrière la pierre, la terre solide se transforme en sol marécageux instable. Dans l’avenir, il n’y a rien qui puisse inspirer un espoir gratifiant. Il y a un chemin étroit qui part à gauche en serpentant entre des rochers. Elle mène on ne sait où et se dissout peu à peu. La pierre prophétique n’en dit rien. Il n’y a pas de troisième route, comme il se doit dans les contes de fées.
«Витязь на распутье» Виктора Васнецова
Au centre de l’œuvre se trouve Ilya Muromets. Il est connu comme le héros le plus courageux et le plus fort de Russie. Il nous tourne le dos, nous ne voyons donc pas son visage. Son corps fort est maintenant détendu et ses épaules affaissées comme s’il avait voyagé pendant très longtemps et qu’il était fatigué. On peut voir qu’il n’a pas précipité son cheval à travers le vaste champ puisque seuls les bouts de ses bottes sont insérés dans les étriers. Le héros est vêtu d’une armure de combat. Derrière lui se trouve un grand bouclier rond et lourd. Un carquois en cuir marron, orné de superpositions décoratives en métal, est attaché à sa ceinture. Le carquois est plein de flèches. Une masse massive pend sur le côté. Dans sa main droite, le chevalier tient une longue lance pointue sur un manche rouge. Elle est abaissée avec la pointe vers le bas, le bras légèrement plié du héros la serre faiblement. Le guerrier est calme et sûr de lui, prêt même pour une rencontre inattendue avec l’ennemi. Aux pieds, il a de hautes bottes vert clair avec un liseré doré en haut du haut.
Toute l’image parle de sa méditation, la figure du héros est majestueuse et puissante. La méditation est visible dans la tête inclinée. Sa lance est également inclinée vers le bas. L’auteur montre l’unité entre lui et son brave ami, le cheval, car malgré le fait que le cheval se tient avec confiance, sa tête est inclinée.
part of «Витязь на распутье» Виктора Васнецова
La lance que le guerrier tient dans sa main mérite une attention particulière. La toile représente une lance d’infanterie destinée aux fantassins. Les cavaliers étaient armés de lances de cavalerie. Il est à noter que dans les études précédentes, il n’y avait pas une telle caractéristique. Peut-être que le cavalier est prêt à perdre son cheval à tout moment, et c’est donc la raison de la lance d’infanterie dans sa main.
Le cheval héroïque est un match pour le héros lui-même. Il est fort, élégant, avec une crinière épaisse qui pend presque jusqu’au sol, une queue soyeuse et des pattes puissantes qui marchent fermement sur le sol. Et maintenant, il se tient docilement et patiemment, la tête baissée, comme s’il prenait une décision difficile. ou peut-être attent-il la décision de son maître.
part of «Витязь на распутье» Виктора Васнецова
Le terrain est dépeint comme marécageux, il n’y a presque pas de végétation, les pierres sont également dispersées dans les tons les plus sombres.
Des ossements de personnes et d’animaux sont éparpillés sur le terrain. Et juste devant la pierre, nous voyons les crânes d’un homme et d’un cheval. Apparemment, à un moment donné, ils ont décidé de franchir la ligne sur laquelle se tient le prophète de pierre, mais la prédiction s’est réalisée. Maintenant, des corbeaux noirs tournent autour du champ en prévision d’une nouvelle proie.
La belle image capture le moment de malheur. À ce moment, le chevalier ne sait pas encore comment son voyage se terminera et si ce que prédit l’inscription sur la pierre se réalisera. L’intrigue pittoresque de la création de Vasnetsov fascine par son caractère fabuleux, sa tragédie, sa foi dans le triomphe du bien sur le mal et les ténèbres. et nous nous demandons si le destin détermine le sort d’une personne, ou si nous sommes responsables de notre propre vie.
J’espère que vous avez apprécié ce tableau autant que moi
The sixth novel by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky “Demons” also called “The Possessed” was written in 1872. This is one of the most politicized works of the writer, which he wrote under the impression of the activities of the emerging terrorist and revolutionary movements in Russia. The novel became a kind of warning about a social catastrophe, which will lead to cruel methods of achieving the idea of universal happiness and the principle “the end justifies the means.”
Cover of the first edition of “Demons” by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky
Dostoevsky did not plan a grandiose thing: he wanted to express himself on the topic of the emerging “Nechaevism” and similar political phenomena on several pages. The work was not even conceived in an artistic style, but as a result, a prediction novel came out from under his pen, which has not lost its relevance so far.
Russian society rather coolly accepted the new novel, and some critics even declared the work “slander” and “nonsense”. Over time, the situation has changed little. Most supporters of the Russian revolutionary movement perceived “Demons” as a vicious caricature of their ideas. Such a reputation prevented the wide popularity of the work.
Unlike Russia, Western culture has appreciated the socio-moral depth of the novel. “Demons” by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky had a huge influence on the philosophical literature of the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, of which Nietzsche and Camus were famous representatives .
The attitude towards “Demons” in the post-Soviet space has changed quite recently. Contemporaries understood the prophecy of Dostoevsky’s ideas, his desire to show the world the danger of radical revolutionary and atheistic ideas. The writer expressed the depth of alienation towards his characters in the title and epigraph, taken from Pushkin ‘s poem of the same name . Who is the main “demon” in the work?
Initially, “Demons” was supposed to become part of a single epic novel, but due to financial problems, the author could not realize his plan and his publisher Katkov set strict conditions for the work of the writer. So instead of a big novel, the author released five books: “Teenager”, “Crime and Punishment”, “Demons”, “The Brothers Karamazov”, “Idiot”.
Also, in the novel, you can find references to real people. as example, Dostoevsky ridiculed I.S. Turgenev with whom he didn’t agree on the liberal-Western ideology , using the image of Karamzinov. The prototype of Stavrogin is the head of the Petrashevsky circle, for participation in which the young Dostoevsky was almost executed. One more thing is the removal of the chapters (“At Tikhon’s”), where Stavrogin tells the elder about the molestation of the girl. It was banned in Russia and removed from the novel by the publisher himself. However, it is there that Stavrogin’s worldview clashes with Tikhon’s Christian morality, and the reader sees the defeat of the “demonic personality.”
IN UNDERTAKING to describe the recent and strange incidents in our town, till lately wrapped in uneventful obscurity, I find myself forced in absence of literary skill to begin my story rather far back, that is to say, with certain biographical details concerning that talented and highly-esteemed gentleman, Stepan Trofimovitch Verhovensky. I trust that these details may at least serve as an introduction, while my projected story itself will come later.
I will say at once that Stepan Trofimovitch had always filled a particular rôle among us, that of the progressive patriot, so to say, and he was passionately fond of playing the part—so much so that I really believe he could not have existed without it. Not that I would put him on a level with an actor at a theatre, God forbid, for I really have a respect for him. This may all have been the effect of habit, or rather, more exactly of a generous propensity he had from his earliest years for indulging in an agreeable day-dream in which he figured as a picturesque public character. He fondly loved, for instance, his position as a “persecuted” man and, so to speak, an “exile.” There is a sort of traditional glamour about those two little words that fascinated him once for all and, exalting him gradually in his own opinion, raised him in the course of years to a lofty pedestal very gratifying to vanity. In an English satire of the last century, Gulliver, returning from the land of the Lilliputians where the people were only three or four inches high, had grown so accustomed to consider himself a giant among them, that as he walked along the streets of London he could not help crying out to carriages and passers-by to be careful and get out of his way for fear he should crush them, imagining that they were little and he was still a giant. He was laughed at and abused for it, and rough coachmen even lashed at the giant with their whips. But was that just? What may not be done by habit? Habit had brought Stepan Trofimovitch almost to the same position, but in a more innocent and inoffensive form, if one may use such expressions, for he was a most excellent man.
I am even inclined to suppose that towards the end he had been entirely forgotten everywhere; but still it cannot be said that his name had never been known. It is beyond question that he had at one time belonged to a certain distinguished constellation of celebrated leaders of the last generation, and at one time—though only for the briefest moment—his name was pronounced by many hasty persons of that day almost as though it were on a level with the names of Tchaadaev, of Byelinsky, of Granovsky, and of Herzen, who had only just begun to write abroad. But Stepan Trofimovitch’s activity ceased almost at the moment it began, owing, so to say, to a “vortex of combined circumstances.” And would you believe it? It turned out afterwards that there had been no “vortex” and even no “circumstances,” at least in that connection. I only learned the other day to my intense amazement, though on the most unimpeachable authority, that Stepan Trofimovitch had lived among us in our province not as an “exile” as we were accustomed to believe, and had never even been under police supervision at all. Such is the force of imagination! All his life he sincerely believed that in certain spheres he was a constant cause of apprehension, that every step he took was watched and noted, and that each one of the three governors who succeeded one another during twenty years in our province came with special and uneasy ideas concerning him, which had, by higher powers, been impressed upon each before everything else, on receiving the appointment. Had anyone assured the honest man on the most irrefutable grounds that he had nothing to be afraid of, he would certainly have been offended. Yet Stepan Trofimovitch was a most intelligent and gifted man, even, so to say, a man of science, though indeed, in science … well, in fact he had not done such great things in science. I believe indeed he had done nothing at all. But that’s very often the case, of course, with men of science among us in Russia.
Le sixième roman de Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky “Démons” également appelé “Les Possédés” a été écrit en 1872. C’est l’une des œuvres les plus politisées de l’écrivain, qu’il a écrite sous l’impression des activités des mouvements terroristes et révolutionnaires émergents en Russie. Le roman est devenu une sorte d’avertissement sur une catastrophe sociale, qui conduira à des méthodes cruelles pour réaliser l’idée du bonheur universel et le principe « la fin justifie les moyens ».
Cover of the first edition of “Demons” by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky
Dostoïevski n’a rien prévu de grandiose: il a voulu s’exprimer sur le thème de l’émergence du «néchaevisme» et de phénomènes politiques similaires sur plusieurs pages. Le travail n’a même pas été conçu dans un style artistique, mais le résultat a été qu’un roman de prédiction est sorti de sous sa plume, et celui-ci n’a pas perdu sa pertinence aujourd’hui.
La société russe a plutôt froidement accepté le nouveau roman, et certains critiques ont même qualifié l’œuvre de “calomnie” et “d’absurdité”. Au fil du temps, la situation a peu évolué. La plupart des partisans du mouvement révolutionnaire russe ont perçu les « démons » comme une caricature vicieuse de leurs idées. Une telle réputation a empêché la grande popularité de l’œuvre.
Contrairement à la Russie, la culture occidentale a apprécié la profondeur socio-morale du roman. Les “Démons” de Fiodor Mikhaïlovitch Dostoïevski ont eu une énorme influence sur la littérature philosophique du tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles, dont Nietzsche et Camus étaient des représentants célèbres.
L’attitude envers les “Démons” dans l’espace post-soviétique a changé assez récemment. Les contemporains ont compris la prophétie des idées de Dostoïevski, son désir de montrer au monde le danger des idées radicales révolutionnaires et athées. L’écrivain a exprimé la profondeur de l’aliénation envers ses personnages dans le titre et l’épigraphe, tirés du poème de Pouchkine du même nom.
Initialement, «Démons» était censé faire partie d’un seul roman épique, mais en raison de problèmes financiers, l’auteur n’a pas pu réaliser son plan et son éditeur Katkov a imposé des conditions strictes au travail de l’écrivain. Ainsi, au lieu d’un grand roman, l’auteur a publié cinq livres: «Adolescent», «Crime et châtiment», «Démons», «Les frères Karamazov», «Idiot».
De plus, dans le roman, vous pouvez trouver des références à de vraies personnes. à titre d’exemple, Dostoïevski a ridiculisé I.S. Tourgueniev avec qui il n’était pas d’accord sur l’idéologie libérale-occidentale, utilisant l’image de Karamzinov. Le prototype de Stavroguine est le chef du cercle Petrashevsky, pour sa participation dans laquelle le jeune Dostoïevski a failli être exécuté. Une dernière chose est la suppression des chapitres («Chez Tikhon»), où Stavrogin raconte à l’aîné l’agression de la fille. Il a été interdit en Russie et retiré du roman par l’éditeur lui-même. Cependant, c’est là que la vision du monde de Stavroguine se heurte à la morale chrétienne de Tikhon, et le lecteur voit la défaite de la « personnalité démoniaque ».
Pour raconter les événements si étranges survenus dernièrement dans notre ville, je suis obligé de remonter un peu plus haut et de donner au préalable quelques renseignements biographiques sur une personnalité distinguée: le très-honorable Stépan Trophimovitch Verkhovensky. Ces détails serviront d’introduction à la chronique que je me propose d’écrire.
Je le dirai franchement: Stépan Trophimovitch a toujours tenu parmi nous, si l’on peut ainsi parler, l’emploi de citoyen; il aimait ce rôle à la passion, je crois même qu’il serait mort plutôt que d’y renoncer. Ce n’est pas que je l’assimile à un comédien de profession: Dieu m’en préserve, d’autant plus que, personnellement, je l’estime. Tout, dans son cas, pouvait être l’effet de l’habitude, ou mieux, d’une noble tendance qui, dès ses premières années, avait constamment poussé à rêver une belle situation civique. Par exemple, sa position de «persécuté» et d’»exilé» lui plaisait au plus haut point. Le prestige classique de ces deux petits mots l’avait séduit une fois pour toutes; en se les appliquant, il se grandissait à ses propres yeux, si bien qu’il finit à la longue par se hisser sur une sorte de piédestal fort agréable à la vanité.
Je crois bien que, vers la fin, tout le monde l’avait oublié, mais il y aurait injustice à dire qu’il fut toujours inconnu. Les hommes de la dernière génération entendirent parler de lui comme d’un des coryphées du libéralisme. Durant un moment, — une toute petite minute, — son nom eut, dans certains milieux, à peu près le même retentissement que ceux de Tchaadaïeff, de Biélinsky, de Granovsky et de Hertzen qui débutait alors à l’étranger. Malheureusement, à peine commencée, la carrière active de Stépan Trophimovitch s’interrompit, brisée qu’elle fût, disait-il par le «tourbillon des circonstances». À cet égard, il se trompait. Ces jours-ci seulement j’ai appris avec une extrême surprise, — mais force m’a été de me rendre à l’évidence, — que, loin d’être en exil dans notre province, comme chacun le pensait chez nous, Stépan Trophimovitch n’avait même jamais été sous la surveillance de la police. Ce que c’est pourtant que la puissance de l’imagination! Lui-même crut toute sa vie qu’on avait peur de lui en haut lieu, que tous ses pas étaient comptés, toutes ses démarches épiées, et que tout nouveau gouverneur envoyé dans notre province arrivait de Pétersbourg avec des instructions précises concernant sa personne. Si l’on avait démontré clair comme le jour au très-honorable Stépan Trophimovitch qu’il n’avait absolument rien à craindre, il en aurait été blessé à coup sûr. Et cependant c’était un homme fort intelligent…
“Trinity” which is also called “Hospitality of Abraham” is an icon of the Holy Trinity, painted by Andrei Rublev in the 15th century. It is one of the most famous Russian icons, and also the most famous of his works. It is one of two (together with frescoes in Vladimir ) surviving works, which, according to scientists , authentically belong to him. It is now inone of the halls of the Tretyakov Gallery.
Andrei Rublev, whose “Trinity” is perceived by many as the very proof of the existence of God, was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1988. Posthumously, he became the first canonized artist.
The famous icon “Trinity” by Andrei Rublev left the Tretyakov Gallery for the first time since 1917 and was transported to the Trinity-Sergius Lavra for two days on July 17, 2022.
Today, on July 19, 2022, “The Holy Trinity icon of St. Andrei Rublev has returned to the State Tretyakov Gallery and is now being studied by restorers. The museum added that: “There are no visible signs of deterioration in the condition of this most important work of ancient Russian art”. And after a detailed and comprehensive examination of the icon, a decision will be made on the timing of the return of the “Trinity” to the gallery’s exposition.
Троица – Андрей Рублев
Andrei Rublev was born in the late 60s of the XIV century in the small town of Radonezh, not far from the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. Historians think that in his youth Andrei was a novice of this monastery, and then he took the rank of a monk. In 1380 during the Battle of Kulikovoin , Rublev was already a member of the princely artel of craftsmen, who moved from city to city and was engaged in the construction and decoration of churches. Like any medieval master, he did not sign his works, and his name was rarely mentioned in the annals. Nevertheless, careful research by historians of ancient Russian art suggests that he was a monk of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, for the Trinity Cathedral of which he painted his masterpiece
There are 2 opinions on the issue of dating the icon. It could have been painted for the wooden church of the Trinity Monastery, built by hegumen Nikon after the invasion of Edigey. In this case Scholars date the icon to 1412. But others determine the 20s. 15th century linking its origin with the stone cathedral of the monastery, founded in 1422. It is possible that Hegumen Nikon, who became the abbot of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery after Sergius of Radonezh didn’t like that the newly erected white-stone Trinity Cathedral was not decorated with paintings. Anticipating his imminent death and wishing to complete the decoration of the cathedral during his lifetime, Nikon called for work Andrei Rublev and Daniil Cherny.
Trinity Cathedral of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra
They were famous painters, “fair grandees, superior to all and perfect in virtue.” Their work consisted not only in painting the temple with frescoes, they also had to paint a large number of icons for a high multi-tiered iconostasis. During his lifetime, Hegumen Nikon wanted not only to see the temple decorated, but he also wanted to have an icon painted, which was to become the main monument “in praise of Sergius of Radonezh”
This board of the icon painter quickly became a model for all subsequent creators of images of the Holy Trinity and by 1551, the Stoglavy Cathedral announced that all future images must comply with it.In 1575, Tsar Ivan the Terrible ordered to decorate it with a gold salary, which is also called a golden riza. A salary is an overhead decoration fixed on top of an icon painting, covering the entire icon board on top of the paint layer, except for a few significant elements. It closes the pictorial image, leaving open faces, arms and legs. Subsequently, the salaries were also changed by other kings, and the icon itself was updated in accordance with the ideas of the artists of those times.
The restoration of the original appearance of the work was taken up only by 1904. Here we can see the Icon in 1904 with the salary just removed. The original painting is hidden under a layer of writing from the late 19th century.
And a photo of “Trinity” after the completion of clearing Guryanov. 1904.
“Airy”, transparent colors, in which our contemporary often sees a special author’s intention, creating the color and atmosphere of Rublev’s “Trinity”, making the figures of angels thin and incorporeal are a consequence of restorations and renovations.
On the instructions of the Commission for the Protection of Monuments of Art and Antiquities of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, they returned to the restoration of the Trinity in 1918. At that time the icon was already significantly damaged and needed special storage, however, it was transferred to the collection of the Tretyakov Gallery only in 1929. During the war, in 1941, the Trinity was evacuated to Novosibirsk, and returned from the evacuation in October 1944.
Each year the Icon is transferred to the church on the feast of the Trinity, but in 2007 the Icon was taken to the building on Krymsky Val because it had been damaged during transportation and needed additional reinforcement.
Now the icon is stored in a special icon case and its condition is stable, but there are irreversible damages.
The Holy Trinity of Rublev is written according to a biblical story from the Old Testament, according to which three pilgrim angels came to Abraham with the good news: he will have a son who will become the progenitor of the entire Jewish people. But there are also many important references to all the key biblical points. The picture embodies a lot, while remaining quite simple.
The form that most clearly expresses the idea of the consubstantiality of the three hypostases of the Holy Trinity, in the Rublev icon, is the circle which is the basis of the composition.
On the Icon we see three angels gathered around the table, on which the sacrificial bowl stands, for a quiet, unhurried conversation.
Three angels are the embodiment of the one God.This is indicated by a number of important symbols. First, they are dressed in azure robes which symbolizes their unearthly essence. The prototype of the Father is an angel sitting in the middle. This is indicated by his regal purple robes decorated with clavius (vertical stripes from the shoulder to the bottom edge). The middle angel is determined not only by its central position, but also by its monumentality. The turn of the head and the bend of the right hand of the central angel express the imperious and powerful motor principle, which is the initial and decisive moment of the composition. But since each of the wanderers has scepters of power, one can speak of a trinity.
God the Son is symbolized here by the angel sitting on the right. His head is lowered most humbly, and his hand is closest to the bowl. if we recall the biblical phrase “And a branch will come from the root of Jesse, and a branch will grow from its root”, then it immediately becomes clear that the right angel personifies God the Son. Also according to Ulyanov, “… the right angel’s himation is girded from right to left. And according to Russian custom, on a dead man, clothes were fastened not on the right side, as in life, but on the left side, like on a woman.”
The third angel, located on the left, becomes the personification of the Holy Spirit.
The combination of blue and red is inherent only in the clothes of the middle and left angels symbolizing the dogma about the procession of the grace of the Holy Spirit, The contours and folds of their robes are fragile and weightless, the harmony of blue, cornflower blue, pale green, golden yellow colors is pure, behind their backs are wings, in their hands are thin staffs, and around their heads are luminous halos.
The image contains more than the divine wanderers. In the background, a church or an entrance to the house of Abraham is visible, and the silhouette of a tree which could be the tree of knowledge from the garden of Eden, and at the same time it could be the oak under which Abraham rested.
Looking more closely, you will be able to see a mountain, located in the upper right corner, that becomes a symbol of Golgotha, to which Jesus ascended with his cross. An ancient symbol of everything sublime, in the Bible, “mountain” is the image of “rapture of the spirit”, therefore the most significant events take place on it.
The icon “Trinity” by Andrei Rublev is inscribed in a circular composition. Italian artists of those times also inscribed groups of angelic entities in a circular composition for greater symbolism. But Rublev’s composition is strikingly different from the classical one. The circle is imperceptible at first sight, and looking at this work of art in more detail, it can be noted that everything here is inscribed in a circular structure, symbolizing the trinity, as well as eternity, infinity.
Even the heads of the angels are bowed, allowing the overall silhouette to organically form a single circle. It has long symbolized eternity, the vicious circle of human existence, from the birth of the world to the end, which becomes a new beginning. In the context of the three angels, it is also interpreted as a symbol of the trinity of the Christian God.
Many researchers draw attention to the fact that the “Trinity” was created during the period of confrontation between the Russian princes and the Tatar-Mongol yoke and pointed to the need for unity. Peace, harmony, and love, this is what Andrei Rublev called his contemporaries to. It was a call to unite all Russian people – a call based on a deep philosophical awareness of the structure of the world, the moral cohesion of people.
The painting “Girl with Peaches” («Девочка с персиками») is a recognized masterpiece of the Russian artist Valentin Aleksandrovich Serov (1865-1911) (Серов Валентин Александрович). It was painted in 1887 and is an oil on canvas measuring 91 x 85 cm, now located in the State Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow. This is one of the first and most significant works in the direction of Russian impressionism for which it paved the way. This picture combines several genres: there is a landscape , a still life , and a portrait .
Girl with Peaches
Valentin Serov first went to the Abramtsevo estate in 1875 with his mother, and growing up continued to often visit the estate.
Serov wrote “Girl with Peaches” when he was not yet 22 years old. Valentin Aleksandrovich sought to create not just a portrait, but a living picture that reflected a moment in life. He was inspired by the beauty and spontaneity of Verusha, and invited the 11-year-old Vera Mamontova to pose after seeing her running into the house, taking a peach, and sitting down at the table. Vera posed for Serov every day for almost two months.
Vera Mamontov. Photo from 1888
The expressiveness of the picture is given by bright details, a play of highlights and a young image of the heroine of the portrait. The artist placed the girl in an atmosphere of a carefree sunny day, ripe peaches and a cozy dining room. The peculiarity of this portrait was that Serov added to it elements of a still life (fruits on the table, a knife, leaves) and a landscape (a garden outside the window). This technique allowed to expand the general meaning of the picture.
In the center of the composition is Mamontov’s daughter Verochka. She is sitting at a large table covered with a white tablecloth, and there are several chairs with high backs nearby. The objects in the room indicate that the girl lives in a wealthy family, and many chairs in the dining room are reminiscent of a large family.
The girl is dressed in a light pink loose blouse with a turn-down collar and a puffy bow. This bow tells about the romantic and bright character of the girl. There is no feeling that she was preparing to pose. The artist deliberately left her hair the way they were, sticking out in unruly curls. She certainly frolicked in the garden and wants to run to play again. It seems hard for her to sit still. There is a blush on her cheeks, making her look like the peaches that lying on the table. The happy look of the girl says that she lives among people who love her.
Girl with Peaches – part Verochka
She holds a peach in her hands, which look very tanned. We can say that the girl spent the summer outdoors outside the city. Three more fruits and a silver carving knife lie on the table nearby. The peaches are beautifully combined with yellow leaves which talks about the time of fruit ripening. It can be seen that the objects were not laid out on purpose, but the moment was chosen spontaneously. The peaches have their own history. They were raised in a greenhouse by a gardener specially hired by the owner of the estate. These fruits indicate the prosperity of the owners of the estate and a penchant for the exotic.
Girl with Peaches – part peaches
The girl is surrounded by various objects. We see the backs of the chairs around the dining table. Behind the girl is a figure of a grenadier, reminiscent of the children in the house.
There is a painted plate on the wall. The plate is drawn as a tribute to Savva Mamontov, who was fond of pottery arts.
Girl with Peaches – part plate
Another detail that reflects an outstanding intuitive impressionist in Serov is as if a random edge to the composition. The door on the girl’s right, a half of a chair cut by the frame give the image a look of reality, spontaneous and relaxed. The art historian Mark Copshitzer noted, ” a chair, part of which is captured on canvas, has its continuation beyond the space of the painting, it marks the beginning of the whole world which did not appear on the painting, with its chairs and tables, and other peaches, and the other girls”.
Girl with Peaches
Outside the window, the garden begins to turn yellow. Summer is coming to an end. Maple leaves, in turn, are depicted because the artist began work on the canvas in the height of summer, and finished only in September. In addition, maple autumn leaves create a special contrast in comparison with ripe peaches, reminiscent of the transience of everything and the need to enjoy the sun, as well as everything that happens around.
Serov achieved a fantastic effect of lightness and freshness by placing the light source behind the model. Shining through the leaves, the sun’s rays reflecting off the tablecloths and the girl’s blouse, it adds pink and gold to the space around the subject. Warm, delicate colors, soft reflected light, a lot of air were unusual for Russian painting of those years.
The main difference from the canvases of other portrait painters is the fullness of light. The main character sits in front of the window and is well lit, sun glare on all objects, on hair and clothes. Light dissolves the contours of objects, this brings the work closer to the canvases of the French Impressionists.
The statement of the author himself about the idea of the picture has been preserved. He wrote that he wanted to achieve a special freshness in his painting. The girl was supposed to look in the picture the same as on that summer day. The bright image of Vera coincided with how the artist imagined beauty. The author dreamed of conveying on canvas the joy of life that surrounds the girl and lives in her.
The artist succeeded superbly. Together with him we admire the carefree world of childhood. These moments are especially valuable because they pass quickly. The transience of time is reminiscent of autumn leaves in the foreground of the picture and the coming autumn outside the window. You can feel the philosophical message in the picture. The artist shows the transience of time. Summer changes very quickly, and youth also passes quickly.
I hope you enjoyed this painting as much as I did.
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